010 015 020 025 030 035 040 045 050 055 060 065 070 075 080 085 090 095
2.5.
, .
.
, . .
, .
, .
2Zmin 
[(Rz+h)i-1+ 
] [3] . 175
Rzi-1 ,
hi-1 ,
- ( , , ..) ,
Ԑi ,
∅ 34f7(
)
14 (-0.620)
Rz=160 ; h=250 [3]; .180; 1
∆=1.5 
206=309 [3]; .180; 4
Ԑi= 
=418 [3]; .42; 13
400
120
2Zmin ..=2[(160+250)+ 
]=1.860
12 (-0.250)
R2=125; h=120
Ԑi= =418 [3]; .42; 13
2Zmin ..=2(125+120+418)=1.326
9 (-0.062)
R2=63; h=60 [3]; .181; 5
Ԑi=70 [3]; .43; 14
2Zmin ..=2(63+60+70)=0.386
7
Rz=10; h=20
Ԑi=70 [3]; .43; 14
2Zmin ..=2(10+20+70)=0.200
2Zmax=2Zmin+TDi-1-TDi [3]; .176
, TDi-1 ,
TDi ,
2Zmax. .=1.860+1.1-0.620=2.340
2Zmax. .=1.326+0.620-0.250=1.696
2Zmax. .=0.386+0.250-0.062=0.574
2Zmax. .=0.200+0.062-0.025=0.237
| , | , | ||||
| Dmin | Dmax | 2Zmin | 2Zmax | ||
| 1.1 | 37.722 | 38.822 | |||
| 0.620 | 35.862 | 36.482 | 1.860 | 2.340 | |
| 0.250 | 34.536 | 34.786 | 1.326 | 1.696 | |
| 0.062 | 34.15 | 34.212 | 0.386 | 0.574 | |
| 0.025 | 33.95 | 33.975 | 0.2 | 0.237 |
|
|
|
489(
)
14 (+0.520)
12 (+0.250)
Rz=100; h=100 [3]; .185; 10
=2 70=140 [3]; .183;. 8
Ԑi= 
=58 [3]; .42; 13
50
30
2Zmin ..=2 [(100+100)+ 
]=0.704
9
R2=50 ; h= 50 [3]; .185; 10
Ԑi= 
[3]; .42; 13
2Zmin.=2(50+50+58)=0.316
2Zmax. .=0.704+0.520-0.250=0.974
2Zmax.=0.316+0.250-0.062=0.504
| , | , | ||||
| Bmin | Bmax | 2Zmin | 2Zmax | ||
| 0.520 | 46.572 | 47.092 | |||
| 0.250 | 47.546 | 47.796 | 0.704 | 0.974 | |
| 0.062 | 48.050 | 48.112 | 0.316 | 0.504 |
[3];.184-195;. 27-37
L=300; h=3
Lg=203; h=3; h=2
=144; h=3
2.6 , , , .
, , . : , . , . : ; ; ; , ; ; . . , , . . , .
| . .2;13; .1;14 | 381825-. -73 | 396131 7200-0252 21168-75;396101 6039-0008 2682-72 | 391854 156 2214-0157 9473-80;391242 65 2317-0106 1452-75 | 393631 0-560 427-75 393311 .- I-0-125/0 166-89 | |
| 4;6;8;9; 3;4;5;6;7;8;9 | 381021-.16203 | 396110 7100-0009 2675-80;392842 -15- 8742-75 | 392151 1562103-1009 26611-85;392153 3042101-0955 20872-80 | 393631 0-560 427-75 393311 .- I-0-125/0 166-89 | |
| 11;12; 14;15;16;17;15;16;17 | 381021-.16203 | 396110 7100-0009 2675-80 | 392151 1562103-1009 26611-85;391221 65;392153304 | 393311I-0-125/0.1166-89; .;393111- 8133-1023 14811-69 | |
| 19 | 381611- 613 | 392872 7200-0209 16518-96 | 391854 156 2214-0155 9473-80 | 393311I-0-125/0.1166-89 | |
| 10 | 381611- 613 | 392872 7200-0209 16518-96 | 391854 156 2214-0155 9473-80 | 393311I-0-125/0.1166-89 | |
| 20 | 381611- 613 | 392872 7200-0209 16518-96 | 391854 156 2214-0155 9473-80 | 393311I-0-125/0.1166-89 | |
| 10 | 381611- 613 | 392872 7200-0209 16518-96 | 391854 156 2214-0155 9473-80 | 393311I-0-125/0.1166-89 | |
| 21 | 381611- 613 | 392872 7200-0209 16518-96 | 391854 156 2214-0155 9473-80 | 394410 5378-88 | |
| 10 | 381642 - 6530 | 391854 65 2223-0029 17026-71 ∅63 z8 | 393311I-0-125/0.1166-89 | ||
| 22 | 381621-. 683 | 392872 7200-020916518-96;396100 6225-017915068-69 | 391858 1562241-0018 5348-69 ∅200 z14 | 393311I-0-125/0.1 166-89 | |
| 22 | 381621-. 683 | 392872 7200-020916518-96;396100 6225-017915068-69 | 391858 156 | 393311I-0-125/0.1 166-89 | |
| 18 | 381611 - 613 | 396100 6103-003 13790-68 | 391822 652229-000317026-71 ∅16 z4 | 393311I-0-125/0.1 166-89 | |
| 4 | 381311 3153 | 3928467107-0095 2578-70;392845 7032-0035 13214-79 | 39771260010031514401635/21 2424-83 | 392121 8113-0257 16775-95 | |
| 4 | 381311 3153 | 3928467107-0095 2578-70;392845 7032-0035 13214-79 | 39771260010031514401635/21 2424-83 | 392121 8113-0257 16775-95 | |
| 23 | 381313 3732 | 396161 7208-001916528-87 | 39771240010031514401635/21 2424-83 | 393181 8154-0268 24121-80 |
|
|
|
,
.
070
t=13
=16 ;=16 ;
Z=4
Sz=0.06-0.05 / [4];.284;. 35
So=0.05 4=0.2 /
S=0.2 /
V= 
K 
/[4];.282
|
|
|
, =46.7; =0.33; =0.5; =0.5; g=0.45; u=0.1; =0.1 [4];.287; .39
=80 [4];.290; .40.
=δ∙uδ∙δ=1.15∙1.0∙1.0=1.15
[4];.282;
δ=τ=(
)nτ=1.0(
)0.9=1.15 [4];.261;. 1
τ=1.0; δ=0.9 [4];.262;. 2
uδ=1.0 [4];.263;.
δ=1.0 [4];.263;. 5
V= 
n = 
= 
= 725 -1
n=630 -1
= 
= 
= 31.7 /
z= 
p [4];.282;
, = 68.2; =0.86; = 0.72; u=1.0; q=0.86; w=0 [4];.291;.41
14.
N=N∙ 
9.2 
∙ 1 = 7.76
N=N∙𝜂=11∙0.75=8.25
, N=11
𝜂=0.75
N> N,
8.25 > 7.76
3;4;5;6;7;8;9
t1=6.25;t2=0.75;t3=1.1;t4=0.5; t5=2; t6=0.5;t7=0.5
σ= 0.43 / [8];.40;4
[8];.48;8
=1.00; 
=0.9; 
=1.00; 
=1.15; 
=0.9
Kσ=1.0∙0.9∙1.0∙1.15∙0.9=0.93
S=S∙Ks=0.43∙0.93=0.4 / [8];.81;22
ʋ= 229 /
=0.8; 
=1.00; 
=1.00; 
=1.00; 
=1.00; 
=1.00; 
=1.00; 
=1.00
ʋ= ʋ∙ ∙ 
∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ ∙ =
=229∙0.8∙1.0∙1.0∙1.0∙1.0∙1.0∙1.0∙1.0=1832 /
n= 
= 
= 388 -1
nc=315 -1
ʋ= = 
= 148.6 /
S=S n= 0.4∙315=126 /
| D | L | t | S / | S / | V / | n -1 | |
| 4; 6; 8; 9; | 2 1.5 4.3 | 0.49 | 122.5 | 117.9 | |||
| 3;4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; | 6.25 0.75 1.1 0.5 2 0.5 0.5 | 0.4 | 148.6 |
| X | Z | |
| 97.5 | ||
| 70.7 | 97.5 | |
| 70.7 | 85.5 | |
| 70.7 | ||
| 66.4 | ||
| 66.4 | 85.5 | |
| 66.4 | ||
| 62.1 | ||
| 62.1 | 85.5 | |
| 62.1 | ||
| 57.8 | ||
| 57.8 | 85.5 | |
| 57.8 | ||
| 53.5 | ||
| 53.5 | 85.5 | |
| 53.5 | ||
| 49.2 |
| X | Z | |
| 49.2 | 85.5 | |
| 49.2 | ||
| 44.9 | ||
| 44.9 | 85.5 | |
| 44.9 | ||
| 40.6 | ||
| 40.6 | 85.5 | |
| 40.6 | ||
| 36.3 | ||
| 36.3 | 85.5 | |
| 36.3 | ||
| 32.5 | ||
| 32.5 | 85.5 | |
| 32.5 | ||
| X | Z | |
| 17.25 | ||
| 17.25 | ||
| 16.9 | ||
| 16.9 | ||
|
|
|
| , - | ∆, | Z ∆Z, | , | S / | . To, | . , |
| 2-1 | ||||||
| 0-1 | 0,083 | |||||
| 1-2 | 204,5 | 204,5 | 122,5 | 1,67 | 0,08 | |
| 2-3 | 52,7 | 52,7 | 122,5 | 0,43 | ||
| 3-4 | 122,5 | 0,1 | ||||
| 4-5 | 12,5 | 12,5 | 122,5 | 0,1 | ||
| 5-6 | 4,3 | 4,3 | 122,5 | 0,04 | ||
| 6-7 | 12,5 | 12,5 | 122,5 | 0,1 | ||
| 7-8 | 12,5 | 12,5 | 122,5 | 0,1 | ||
| 8-9 | 4,3 | 4,3 | 122,5 | 0,04 | ||
| 9-10 | 12,5 | 12,5 | 122,5 | 0,1 | ||
| 10-11 | 12,5 | 12,5 | 122,5 | 0,1 | ||
| 11-12 | 4,3 | 4,3 | 122,5 | 0,04 | ||
| 12-13 | 12,5 | 12,5 | 122,5 | 0,1 | ||
| 13-14 | 12,5 | 12,5 | 122,5 | 0,1 | ||
| 14-15 | 4,3 | 4,3 | 122,5 | 0,04 | ||
| 15-16 | 12,5 | 12,5 | 122,5 | 0,1 | ||
| 16-17 | 12,5 | 12,5 | 122,5 | 0,1 | ||
| 17-18 | 4,3 | 4,3 | 122,5 | 0,04 | ||
| 18-19 | 12,5 | 12,5 | 122,5 | 0,1 | ||
| 19-20 | 12,5 | 12,5 | 122,5 | 0,1 | ||
| 20-21 | 4,3 | 4,3 | 122,5 | 0,04 | ||
| 21-22 | 12,5 | 12,5 | 122,5 | 0,1 | ||
| 22-23 | 12,5 | 12,5 | 122,5 | 0,1 | ||
| 23-24 | 4,3 | 4,3 | 122,5 | 0,04 | ||
| 24-25 | 12,5 | 12,5 | 122,5 | 0,1 | ||
| 25-26 | 12,5 | 12,5 | 122,5 | 0,1 | ||
| 26-27 | 4,3 | 4,3 | 122,5 | 0,04 | ||
| 27-28 | 12,5 | 12,5 | 122,5 | 0,1 | ||
| 28-29 | 12,5 | 12,5 | 122,5 | 0,1 | ||
| 29-30 | 3,8 | 4,3 | 122,5 | 0,04 | ||
| 30-31 | 12,5 | 12,5 | 122,5 | 0,1 | ||
| 31-32 | 12,5 | 12,5 | 122,5 | 0,1 | ||
| 32-33 | 47,5 | 0,26 | ||||
| 1-2 | ||||||
| 0-1 | 0.05 | |||||
| 1-2 | 0,02 | 0.08 | ||||
| 2-3 | 6,25 | 11,79 | 0,09 | |||
| 3-4 | 0,54 | |||||
| 4-5 | 0,35 | 0,35 | 0,01 | |||
| 5-6 | 0,99 | |||||
| 6-7 | 14,1 | 14,1 | 0,11 | |||
| 7-8 | 3,16 | 0,03 | ||||
| 8-9 | 0,07 | |||||
| 9-10 | 0,35 | |||||
| 10-11 | 0.27 | |||||
| ∑= 6,67 | ∑u= 0.92 | |||||
=∑+∑=6,67+0,82=7,49
=(+)∙(1+ 
)=(7,49+0,91)∙(1+ 
)=9,07
, =++=0,28+0,5+0,13=0,91
= 0,28 [8];.59;7
= 0,32+0,15+0,03=0,5 [8];.79;7
=0,13 [8];.82;15
, 8% .
:
) , , 4+9= 13 [8];.96;21
) 2 [8];.96;21
) 2
) 2 2 ∙0.8=1.6
) 6
) 1,2
.=13+2+2+1,6+6+1,2=25,8
.=+ 
= 9.07+ 
=9.16
, 
=300
| D, | L, | t, | i | n, -1 | ʋ, / | , | ||
| 160 3,15 | 197 12 | 3 1,575 | 1 1 | 1,0 0,06 | 315 1500 | 158 14,9 | 0,63 0,13; 0,76 | |
| 150 30 26 | 57 20 22 | 2 13 0,5 | 1 1 1 | 0,49 0,3 0,5 | 250 250 2000 | 118 23,6 164 | 0,47 0,27 0,02; 0,76 | |
| 3,5 | 1,0 | 1,6 | ||||||
| 4,3 | 1,0 | 0,96 | ||||||
| 4,0 | 1,0 | 0,48 | ||||||
| 4,3 | 1,0 | 0,96 | ||||||
| 4,0 | 1,0 | 1,12 | ||||||
| 2,0 | 0,8 | 1,0 | ||||||
| 1,2 | 0,33 | |||||||
| 1,2 | 0,39 | |||||||
| 0,2 | 31,7 | 0,83 | ||||||
| 34,5 | 0,15 | Stm= 1.1 / | 35 / | 0,28 | ||||
| 34,2 | 0,1 | Stm= 0,49 / | 35 / | 0,4 | ||||
| 0,3 | So= /  = 0.028 /
| Vg=10 / | 35/ | 1,1 |
|
|
|
070
= 
∙i = 
, L =l +l1+ l2=83+10+2 = 95
l=83
l1=10 ; l2=2
nc=630 -1
Sc=0,2
=1
=++= 0,2+0,18+0,09=0,47
, =0,2
[6];.48; 16
0,18 [6];.177; 87
=0,09 [6];.177; 87
=+=0,754+0,47=1,22
=∙0,035=1,22∙0,035=0,043 3,5%
[6];.110; 34
= ∙ 0,04=1,22∙0,04=0,05 4%
[6];.203; 89
=++=1,22+0,043+0,05=1,31
=18+7=25 [6];.111; 34
..=+ 
=1.31+ 
=1.39
, n= 300
015
=0,76
=0,46+0,65+0,08=1,19
=0,76+1,19=1,95
=1,95∙0,035=0,07
=1,95∙0,04=0,08
=1,95+0,07+0,08=2,1
.=10+5=15
.=2,1+ 
=2,15
025
=0,76
= 0,28+0,5+0,13=0,91
= 0,76+0,91=1,67
= 1,67∙0,04=0,07
= 1,67∙0,04=0,07
= 1,67+0,07+0,07=1,81
.= 26,6
.=1,81+ 
=1,9
030
= 1,6
=0,41+0,3+0,04∙10+0,07=1,18
=1,6+1,18=2,78
=2,78∙0,035=0,1
=2,78∙0,04=0,11
=2,78+0,1+0,11=2,99
.=11+7=18
.=2,99+ 
=3,05
035
=0,96
=0,41+0,3+0,04∙6+0,07=1,02
=0,96+1,02=1,98
=1,98∙0,035=0,07
=1,98∙0,04=0,08
=1,98+0,07+0,08=2,13
.=11+7=18
.= 2,13+ =2,19
040
=0,48
=0,41+0,3+0,04∙3+0,07=1,02
=0,48+1,02=1,5
=1,5∙0,035=0,05
=1,5∙0,04=0,06
=1,5+0,05+0,06=1,61
.=11+7=18
.=1,61+ =1,67
45
=0,96
=0,41+0,3+0,04∙6+0,07=1,02
=0,96+1,02=1,98
=1,98∙0,035=0,07
=1,98∙0,04=0,08
=1,98+0,07+0,08=2,13
.=11+7=18
.=2,13+ =2,19
50
=1,12
=0,41+0,3+0,04∙7+0,26=1,25
=1,12+1,25=2,37
=2,37∙0,035=0,08
=2,37∙0,04=0,09
=2,37+0,08+0,09=2,54
.=11+7=18
.=2,54+ =2,6
55
=1,0
=0,23+0,25+0,07=0,55
=1,0+0,55=1,55
=1,55∙0,035=0,05
=1,5∙0,04=0,06
=1,55+0,05+0,06=1,66
.=23+7=30
.=1,66+ 
=1,76
60
=0,33
=0,32+0,18+0,07=0,57
=0,33+0,57=0,9
=0,9∙0,035=0,03
=0,9∙0,04=0,04
=0,9+0,03+0,04=0,97
.=11+7=18
.=0,97+ =1,03
65
=0,39
=0,39+0,18+0,07=0,57
=0,39+0,57=0,96
=0,96-0,035=0,03
=0,96∙0,04=0,04
=0,96+0,03+0,04=1,03
.=11+7=18
.=1,03+ =1,09
75
75
=0,28
=0,38+0,39+0,06=0,83
=0,28+0,83=1,11
=1,11∙0,09=0,1
=1,11∙0,04=0,04
=1,11+0,1+0,04=1,25
.=1,+1,0+7,0=18
.=1,25+ =1,31
085
=0,4
=0,38+0,85+0,1=1,33
=0,4+1,33=1,73
=1,73∙0,09=0,16
=1,73∙0,04=0,07
=1,73+0,16+0,07=1,96
.=10+1,0+7,0=18
.=1,96+ =2,02
090
=1,1
=0,41+0,12+0,12=0,65
=1,1+0,65=1,75
=1,75∙0,035=0,06
=1,75∙0,04=0,07
=1,75+0,06+0,07=1,88
.=7+2,5+7,0=16,5
.=1,88+ 
=1,94
[1] . ,, ,, .,, .1985.
[2] .. .. ,, .,, 1986.
[3] .. .. ,, .1. ,, .1986.
[4] .. .. ,, .2. ,, .1986.
[5] 4.1. ,, .1974 .
[6] . .
,, 1975 .
[7] .. ,, ..1. ,, .1973
[8] II. 1990.
[9] . . .,, .1975.
[10] . 2- . . .. ., ,, 1984 .
3.1.1 .
070 16 . 613 ,, .
(.8) ( 7) (.16). 3 . , , ( 6) ( 1.). (.17).
(. 11) (.13) (.14) (. 12) (. 3). (.15).
(.9) (.11).
.
, (.18) (.22). (.20) (.21).
, (.4) , .
(.35) (.40) .
(.10) , .
3.1.2 .
Pz=4382H M=35H.m
.
. 42 . 292 [3] 
=0.3... 0.4
Pn=(0.3 
)Pz;
Pn=0,4∙4382=1753
= 
+ 
, , , :
=0∙1∙2∙3∙4∙5∙6
0 , 0=1,5;
1 , (.5.2);2=1,2;
3 , , 3=1,2;
4 1,0 ;
5 ; 5=1;
6 , ); 6=1,0.
=1,5∙1,2∙1,2∙1,2∙1∙1∙1=2,592
=2,6
D=34,5
f=0.5 . .
2=n=1753H
P3= 
+ 
=6555.5H
200 =0.4 3=8820, 0.07D 6665
.
.
.
.
=Ԑ+Ԑ+Ԑ
: Ԑ
Ԑ
Ԑ
, , ( ) , . ,
Ԑ= 
. 3- 2 . 520 .1 [10]
Ԑ=30
Ԑ 20 30 % , 20 40 % . Ԑ 
10 
20
3.1.3
070 h=16. .613.
. .
.2, (.1).
, . , , , .
3.2 .
() .
(.6) (.4 7).
(.3). (.9) (.11) (.1). (.17) (.8). (. 18) (.15) . (.11) (.34).
(.5) (.16) (.13) (.14). (.36) 0,20,3, (.12). 360 
. , .
=1,2 
= 
2=5,16.
: 1=3,5
2=2
3=1,5
13% (0,02)
=0,26 ro=5.2
=5,2 
=5,16
, .
³ : , (, ), , , (, , ), , , , .
" "
005-
010 - ()
015 - -
020 - -
025- -
030 - -
035 - -
040 - -
045 - -
050 - -
055 -
060
065
070 -
4.3. .
:
³- , , , , , , ;
- (, , , , , .), , , ;
;
( . ).
, . .
.
-
4.2
: 
:
-
: 
-
7505-89
2 
2 
2 
' - ;
15 
() 0,1 
:
100=0,2
160 250 = 0,4 
40 - 
40 100 - 
160 250 
, 170
, 20
, 41
, 36
