:
- : (K L);
- , (, ..);
- ;
- , ;
- ;
-
:TPL (total product of labour) Q(L). , () () . (Q) (L), , .1. 1 , .. .
. : . ( ) Q . , , . , , APL (average product of labour):
AL = Q/L
, 1000 , 50 . , 1000/50000 = 0,02 ./.
(). ΔL ΔQ ( ), ΔQ/ΔL. ΔL, , Q(L) . ( ) , MPL (marginal product of labour):
MPL= ΔQ/ΔL MPL=Q'(L)
.2 APL MPL. MPL , . . MPL≥0. , .. TPL. TPL, , MPL. 2 MPL< APL. 1 . MPL>APL, - . 2 , , . , APL max, MPL=0 . , , APL = max, MPL=0 .
|
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. : A = Q / . (L) , ( L3).
Q
.1
L1 L2 L3 L
APL,
MPL
APL
.2
L1 L2 L3 L
MPL
, .
, , .
(, , , , , , ). . -, . -, . , , , . */L*. .
:
1 MPL > APL > 0; APL ↑
1 2 MPL = APL, APL max .
2 APL > MPL > 0 APL ↓
2 3 MPL = 0, APL > 0 A -max
3 MPL<0; APL > 0 APL ↓
S- TPL? L2. , . , MPL , , APL . 2 . . .
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: . , .. .
Q(mL,mK)=mQ, Q=Q(L,K) .
, Q(mL,mK)=mQ, . Q(mL,mK)=nQ, n>m, ; : Q(mL,mK)=gQ, m>g.
( total costs)
, , : () . , , .
:
-
-
( ) + ()
, . - ( ).
= +
.
= TR TC
= TR - TC
= TR - TC
. .
, TR=TC, . . , . TR>TC, . , , . . . , .
. . , .
(Q)
FC (FC-fixed cost) + VC (Q) (VC- variable cost)
(Q) = VC (Q) + FC
, . , . , , . () , , . . , , , . . . . , .. , , . , . . , , . , . . . , .
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- , . . .
VC (Q) = wL, w wage ( ), L ..
. , .
3. , (.1). , (wL), , . , , VC .
TC
VC
FC
. 3 Q
(AC -average cost), (AFC - average fixed cost) (AVC - average variable cost).
.
AC = TC/ Q = VC/Q + FC/Q = AVC + AFC
.
AFC = FC/Q
.
AVC = VC/Q
, , . , . .
(MC marginal cost) , . , .
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MC = ΔTC/ΔQ = ΔVC/ΔQ MC = TC'(Q) = VC'(Q)
AFC
AFC
Q
. 4
( ):
AVC = VC/Q = wL/Q = w/APL
= ΔVC/ΔQ = wΔL/ΔQ = w/PL
, , . , , . , 5.
MC
MC,
AVC,
AC AC
AVC
. 5 Q
, (.5).
1) , ;
2) MC< AC, ; MC>AC, ;
3) , ;
4) MC< AVC, ; MC>AVC, .
.
TR (total revenue) . TR= * Q. (AR) (MR).
, .
, .
AR = TR/Q
.
MR = Δ TR /ΔQ MR = TR'(Q)
6,7,8.
TR
R
MR=AR=P
Q
. 6
TR
TR
.7
Q
MR,
AR
AR
Q
MR
.8