|
2
1.
|
| , :
|
|
| C, H, N, P, Co
|
|
| Fe, Cd, Cu, I, Br
|
|
| Na, K, Ca, Mg, S
|
|
| Ni, Cl, Pt, Hg, Cr
|
|
|
| 2.
|
| :
|
|
| 21%
|
|
| 1%
|
|
| 0,23%
|
|
| 10%
|
|
|
| 3.
|
| NH4Cl . NH4Cl:
|
|
| +3
|
|
| 3
|
|
| 1
|
|
| +1
|
|
|
| 4.
|
| 2+ :
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 5.
|
| , :
|
|
| C, H, , S, .
|
|
| Fe, Cr, I, Br, Co.
|
|
| Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl.
|
|
| N, P, r, Ni, Al
|
|
|
| 6.
|
| :
|
|
| 10-12%
|
|
| 3%
|
|
| 10%
|
|
| 10-5
|
|
|
| 7.
|
| . 1,3 . , . , - :
|
|
| N
|
|
| P
|
|
| O
|
|
| Cl
|
|
|
| 8.
|
| , (). . :
|
|
| N
|
|
| S
|
|
| C
|
|
| Zn
|
|
|
| 9.
|
| :
|
|
| 4 7
|
|
| 1
|
|
| 20
|
|
| 10
|
|
|
| 10.
|
| :
|
|
| Cu2+
|
|
| Ca2+
|
|
| Mg2+
|
|
| Co3+
|
|
|
| 11.
|
| :
|
|
|
|
|
| (. )
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 12.
|
| NaCl, , NaCl, 5%. 2 :
|
|
| 1
|
|
| 100
|
|
| 150
|
|
| 5
|
|
|
| 13.
|
| , :
|
|
| Mg, Cu, Ca, Na, K
|
|
| N, H, S, P, C, O
|
|
| Si, Au, Ag, Ni, Se
|
|
| Fe, Cd, Cu, I, Br
|
|
|
| 14.
|
| :
|
|
| 10-7 10-4%
|
|
| 0,08%
|
|
| 21%
|
|
| 1%
|
|
|
| 15.
|
|
|
|
| 100
|
|
| 0,5-1,5
|
|
| 0,01
|
|
| 100
|
|
|
| 16.
|
| NaCl (0,9%) , , , , , . ( ) 200 NaCl?:
|
|
| 18 192
|
|
| 198,2 1,8
|
|
| 153 57
|
|
| 192,8 7,2
|
|
|
|
|
|
| 17.
|
| :
|
|
| 100
|
|
| 1,3 .
|
|
| 25 .
|
|
| 10
|
|
|
| 18.
|
| :
|
|
| 5,5
|
|
| 100 .
|
|
| 2,8 .
|
|
| 55
|
|
|
| 19.
|
| :
|
|
| ;
|
|
| CO2 ;
|
|
| (II) Fe2+
|
|
| (II) Fe3+
|
|
|
| 20.
|
| N2O . ?:
|
|
| +4
|
|
| +2
|
|
| +1
|
|
| -1
|
|
|
| 21.
|
| :
|
|
| 10
|
|
| 2 3
|
|
| 0,1
|
|
| 1
|
|
|
| 22.
|
| , - , , , . - :
|
|
| Co2+
|
|
| Mg2+
|
|
| P5+
|
|
| Na+
|
|
|
| 23.
|
| 10%, 1%. :
|
|
| S
|
|
| H
|
|
| N
|
|
| C
|
|
|
| 24.
|
| :
|
|
| Cu2+
|
|
| Ca2+
|
|
| Mg2+
|
|
| Co3+
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| , , :
|
|
| C, H, O, N, P, S
|
|
| Br, I, Cu, Co, Fe, Cr
|
|
| Na, Cl, K, Mg, Ca
|
|
| Na, Cd, K, Mg, Co
|
|
|
|
|
| , B12:
|
|
| Mg2+
|
|
| Co2+
|
|
| Fe2+
|
|
| Hg2+
|
|
|
|
|
| [Ni(NH3)6]SO4:
|
|
|
|
|
| 2+
|
|
| 3+
|
|
| 4+
|
|
|
|
|
| , :
|
|
| Co2+
|
|
| Fe3+
|
|
| Fe2+
|
|
| Cd2+
|
|
|
|
|
| :
|
|
| Br-
|
|
| Cl-
|
|
| I-
|
|
| F-
|
|
|
|
|
| , :
|
|
| 2+
|
|
| l3+
|
|
| Zn2+
|
|
| Fe3+
|
|
|
|
|
| (II) :
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [u(NH3)Cl]Cl:
|
|
|
|
|
| 2+
|
|
| 1+
|
|
| 3+
|
|
|
|
|
| : (, ). :
|
|
| Fe2+
|
|
| 2+
|
|
| u2+
|
|
| r2+
|
|
| , . :
|
|
| Fe3+
|
|
| 2+
|
|
| Zn2+
|
|
| F-
|
|
|
|
|
| g- ( ). :
|
|
| Ca
|
|
| Pb
|
|
| Na
|
|
| Hg
|
|
|
|
|
| , () :
|
|
| I-
|
|
| l-
|
|
| Br-
|
|
| F-
|
|
|
|
|
| . :
|
|
| NH4MoO4
|
|
| (NH4)2MoO4
|
|
| (NH4)2MoO3
|
|
| NH4MoO3
|
|
|
|
|
| HgNH2Cl . :
|
|
|
|
|
| 1+
|
|
| 2+
|
|
| 4+
|
|
|
|
|
| , :
|
|
| Li+
|
|
| Na+
|
|
| K+
|
|
| Ca2+
|
|
|
|
|
| , :
|
|
| Li+
|
|
| Na+
|
|
| K+
|
|
| Ca2+
|
|
|
|
|
| , :
|
|
| K+, Na+, Cl-
|
|
| K+, Fe2+, Zn2+
|
|
| Mg2+, Ba2+, I-
|
|
| Ca2+, Cl-, Cu2+
|
|
|
|
|
| , :
|
|
| Br, Cl
|
|
| F, Br
|
|
| Cl, F
|
|
| I, F
|
|
|
|
|
| , :
|
|
| F
|
|
| Cl
|
|
| Br
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| :
|
|
| I-
|
|
| Br -
|
|
| F-
|
|
| Ca2+
|
|
|
|
|
| H2S , :
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| , , . :
|
|
| N2O3, NO
|
|
| NO2, NO
|
|
| NO, N2O
|
|
| N2O5, NO2
|
|
|
|
|
| KMnO4
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [Co(NH3)4Cl2]Cl?
|
|
| (III)
|
|
| (III)
|
|
| (III)
|
|
| (III)
|
|
|
|
|
| (I)?
|
|
| NH3
|
|
| S2O32-
|
|
| NO2-
|
|
| CN-
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ?
|
|
| [Cu(NH3)4](NO3)2
|
|
| K2[Cu(CN)4]
|
|
| [Cu(NH3)2(SCN)2]
|
|
| [Cu(NH3)4](SO4)
|
|
|
|
|
| ?
|
|
| [Cd(NH3)4]
|
|
| [Cu(NH3)4]
|
|
| [Ag(NH3)2]
|
|
| [Ni(NH3)6]
|
|
|
|
|
| K2[Cu(CN)4]
|
|
| K+; CN-
|
|
| K+; [Cu(CN)4]2-
|
|
| Cu2+; CN-
|
|
| K+; Cu2+; CN-
|
|
|
|
|
| (II) ?
|
|
| K2[Fe(CN)5H2O]
|
|
| K2[Fe(CN)4(H2O)2]
|
|
| Ca[Fe(CN)5H2O]
|
|
| K3[Fe(CN)5H2O]
|
|
|
|
|
| (II) ?
|
|
| K3[Fe(CN)6]
|
|
| K2[Fe(CN)4]
|
|
| K4[Fe(CN)6]
|
|
| K4[FeF6]
|
|
|
|
|
| ?
|
|
| Na[Ag(CN)2]
|
|
| Na2[Cd(CN)4]
|
|
| [Cu(NH3)4]Cl2
|
|
| Na2[Cu(CN)4]
|
|
|
|
|
| [Pt(NH3)2Cl4]?
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (III)?
|
|
| [Co(H2O)5Cl](OH)2
|
|
| [Co(NH3)2(OH)3]
|
|
| [Co(NH3)5Cl](OH)2
|
|
| [Co(NH3)6](OH)3
|
|
|
|
|
| [Cr(H2O)5(NO3)]+2?
|
|
| +3
|
|
|
|
|
| -3
|
|
| +1
|
|
| ?
|
|
| Na3[Cr(OH)6]
|
|
| [Cr(H2O)4Br2]Cl
|
|
| [Cr(H2O)4PO4]
|
|
| [Cr(NH3)4PO4]
|
|
|
|
|
| (III) ?
|
|
| K4[Co(NO2)6]
|
|
| K3[Co(NO2)6]
|
|
| K3[Co(NO2)4(NH3)2]
|
|
| [Co(NH3)6]Cl3
|
|
|
|
|
| (III)?
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Hg2+?
|
|
| Cl-
|
|
| Br-
|
|
| I-
|
|
| CN-
|
|
|
|
|
| (II) ?
|
|
| K2[Fe(CN)5H2O]
|
|
| K2[Fe(CN)4(H2O)2]
|
|
| Ca[Fe(CN)5H2O]
|
|
| K3[Fe(CN)5H2O]
|
|
|
|
|
| ?
|
|
| [Cu(NH3)2]Cl
|
|
| [Cu(NH3)4]SO4
|
|
| [Cu(H2O)2Cl2]
|
|
| [Cu(H2O)4](NO3)2
|
|
|
|
|
| [Co(NH3)5Cl](NO2)2?
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| K3[Fe(CN)6]?
|
|
| (II)
|
|
| (III)
|
|
| (III)
|
|
| (III)
|
|
|
|
|
| Na3[Co(NO2)6]?
|
|
| Na+; NO2-
|
|
| Na+; [Co(NO2)6]3-
|
|
| Co2+; NO2-
|
|
| Na+; Co3+; NO2-
|
|
| K2[Cu(CN)4]?
|
|
| -2
|
|
| +2
|
|
| +1
|
|
| -1
|
|
|
|
|
| ?
|
|
| [Pt(NH3)2Cl]Cl
|
|
| [Pt(NH3)4]Cl2
|
|
| [Pt(NH3)4Cl2]
|
|
| [Pt(NH3)2Cl2]
|
|
|
|
|
| [Co(NH3)4Cl2]+?
|
|
| -1
|
|
|
|
|
| +3
|
|
| -3
|
|
|
|
|
| ?
|
|
| Cu2+
|
|
| Cd2+
|
|
| Ag+
|
|
| Ni2+
|
|
|
|
|
| :
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| (III)
|
|
| Na2[Cr(OH)2]
|
|
| Na3[Cr(H2O)6]
|
|
| Na3[Cr(OH)6]
|
|
| Na4[Cr(OH)7]
|
|
|
|
|
| :
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| [Pt(NH3)2Cl2]
|
|
| (II)
|
|
| (II)
|
|
| (IV)
|
|
| (II)
|
|
|
|
|
| :
|
|
|
|
|
| a
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| - (IV) :
|
|
| (NH4)2[Pt(OH)2Cl4]
|
|
| (NH4)[Pt(H2O)2Cl4]
|
|
| (NH4)3[Pt(OH)2Cl4]
|
|
| (NH4)2[Pt(H2O)2Cl4]
|
|
|
|
|
| :
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| - [Ag(NH3)2]Cl
|
|
| (I)
|
|
| (I)
|
|
| (I)
|
|
| (I)
|
|
|
|
|
| ?
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
H2SO4 + BaCl2 () = BaSO4 + 2HCl?
|
|
| NO3-
|
|
| SO42-
|
|
| K+
|
|
| Ba2+
|
|
|
|
|
| ?
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ?
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ?
|
|
| Fe2+
|
|
| Li+
|
|
| Ca2+
|
|
| Pb2+
|
|
|
|
|
| :
|
|
| ,
|
|
| ,
|
|
| ,
|
|
| ,
|
|
| ?
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ?
|
|
| Ca2+
|
|
| OH-
|
|
| I-
|
|
| SO42-
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cl2 + H2S () = CaS + 2HCl?
|
|
| H+
|
|
| S2-
|
|
| Clˉ
|
|
| Na+
|
|
|
|
|
| ?
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ?
|
|
| Al3+
|
|
| Na+
|
|
| SCNˉ
|
|
| H+
|
|
|
|
|
| :
|
|
| ,
|
|
| ,
|
|
| , , .
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| , :
|
|
| ,
|
|
| ,
|
|
| ,
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| , :
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
:
|
|
| , ,
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| , ,
:
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| :
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| :
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| :
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| ,
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| :
|
|
| , ,
|
|
|
|
|
| ,
|
|
| ,
|
|
|
|
|
| , , :
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| , :
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| -, , :
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| NaCl.
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| , : CuCl2 + K2S () →
|
|
| S2-
|
|
| K+
|
|
| Cu2+
|
|
| Cl-
|
|
|
|
|
| .
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| , :
AgNO3 () + KCl →
|
|
| Ag+
|
|
| Cl-
|
|
| NO3-
|
|
| +
|
: 2016-07-29; !; : 599 | :
:
, , 1:10
==> ... 1915 - | 1819 -
© 2015-2024 lektsii.org - -
: 0.016 .
|