Try your skills:
Imagine you are n one of these situations. Discuss things, make your own suggestions, put forward objections to other people's suggestions if you n think about the reasons why they wouldn't work.
1. department meeting. There is one item n the agenda.Whether to begin the new series of experiments or not. There is difference of opinions n the matter. Are u for or against? Give your reasons.
Soe hits to help :
For: It's the only way to prove or disprove our hypothesis. We want reliable information. h information we possess is very limited. There is lack of data. We should obtain additional data. make some extra measurements; to check some results; to master the new thniqu.
Agaist: We aren't ready yet. We shall face lot of difficulties. We need to work out new technique, to get some new liances and devices. The researchers are very tired. There is lack of adequate instruments and devices.
2. Your friend, post graduate student has started the series of experiments hoping to obtain evidence in support of his new assumption. But h fails to do so. is very disappointed and looks pessimistic. Yu try to encourage hm and give some practical advice.
Soe words to help : Take it easy! Don't worry! It's very often the case in experimental work. Yu'll hv to repeat the experiment. Yu should change the technique of the experiment; to read the latest publications n the subject; to consult Fred Platov who is working n similar problem; to improve the procedure; to design the experiment in detail.
3. Unfortunately your experiment has ended n fai1ure. Why? Yu are completely at loss. Your friend seems to know the reason. What is it?
Stdy the otes bfr speak: bad experimental conditions; lack of certain specialists; lack of reliable information; lack of specialized equipment; lack of high precision instruments; low degree of measurement accuracy; the approach is wrong; the method is unsuitable.
4. Prof. Chernik, who is guest of your laboratory, has helped u very much to get over the difficulties you've had with your experiment. You try to thank hm.
Use the otes to help : Your expert advice has bn most valuable. We'll followthe procedure n our further experiments.You've done us great favour. We're very grateful to yu. We can never thank u enough.
5. h experiment is success. Yu are planning to make publication or to go to conference with report, but your chief is against it. Yu try to bring him round to your point of view.
Use the words: to give the very important data; the results are very interesting; to prove the hypothesis; to confirm the theory; many researchers are interested n the results; n publications n this subject-matter.
6. Yu have completed set of experiments and u are not planning to start the new experiments. All members of your team agree with u. But the chief of the lab insists that u should begin the new series of experiments immediately. Try to persuade him to change his opinion.
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Soe words to help : We are not prepared to start. We must give the complete account of the work done; work out the new technique; get some new appliances and devices. We have not yet fully analyzed the results. h researchers are very tired. It's not easy to get everything ready for the experiment. h work we are planning to do is going to b difficult. We haven't already got things ready for it.
Part 4. Written practice.
1. Translate from English.
Mike is very excited. He has been invited to take part in a very interesting and important experiment. He wants to use it for his graduation thesis, but he is nervous and even a bit afraid: he has never undertaken any real research! has taken readings from apparatus, recorded data, but now... If the work comes ff successfully, they will get very important results, and h needs them for his graduation paper.
2. Write the report stating what was done before, during and after the experiment you took part n. Interpret the results.
3. Write reply to this letter:
Dear Dr, Grekov,
visit to your Lab has helped m lot. was greatly impressed b your work in the field of robot-making and should like to contact u. m very anxious to have some particulars of your last experiments. Your results are similar toours, but we differ in the interpretation of the results which m b due to the different conditions in which ur experiments have been carried out. In m next letter, m going to describe experiments going n here. The latest data we have obtained are very interesting. If there is any specific information u would like to receive from us, please let m know. We should join forces in our work, we should share rimental data. certainly look forward to discussing things with u.
Sincerely yours,
Dr. Chernik
4. mlt these statements using appropriate words from those given below:
1. believe that laboratory... are the main instruments of.... 2. m fond of experimental... and like to take part in every stage of an experiment, but, best of ll, the actual reading of... and... analysis. m trying to work out new of data analysis with the help of... techniques.
system, data, computational, experiments, work, research, measurements
5. Translate the following into English:
. , . , , , .. , , . . . , . . , - .
6. Discuss the following problems with someone. Give ur arguments for and against:
1. The physica1 method begins with observation and goes n to experiment. Is that really so? 2. The time of scientific discoveries b intuition is over. D u agree? 3. It's great mistake to theorize before one has data. Why? 4. Many scientists state that it is impossible to prove new hypothesis without making experiments. What's your opinion? 5. Now we live in time when serious and important work can not b done with a very simple and outdated apparatus. Do u agree? 6. Experimenters should master many skllls. Is this true?
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3. Texts for Additional Reading.
Read, render and speak.
Text 1. Higher education in Great Britain.
There are many universities in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.
As a rule, university consists of many the of faculties, such as divinity, medicine, arts, philosophy, music, natural science, economics, engineering, agriculture, commerce, education, etc. After three years of study, a student may proceed to a Bachelors degree1 of Master and Doctor2.
The leading universities in England are: Oxford, Cambridge and London. English universities differ greatly from each other. They differ in date of foundation, history, tradition, general organization, internal government, methods of instructions, ways of student life, size, etc. Each university has its own problems, each looks at them in its own way.
However, there are tendencies which are common to all of them. The first is the increase in members of students. The second tendency is the increase in the student numbers studying technical sciences. The third factor is the tendency of university study to extend beyond the first degree3. Many people consider the normal course to be short in the light of width and depth of the curriculum to be covered. Therefore the further development of postgraduate courses appears to be reasonable. Some universities have extra-mural departments.
At present besides universities there are technical colleges which provide part-time and full-time education4.
The oldest and the most famous universities in England are Oxford and Cambridge. Oxford University was established in 1249. Like London it is international because people from many parts of the world come to study at one of the twenty-seven mens colleges or at one of the five womens colleges that are at the university. They join the university family.
The first college at Cambridge, Peterhouse, was founded in 1284. A number of well-known scientists and writers, among them Newton, Darwin and Byron, were educated in Cambridge.
The organizational system of these two universities differs from that of all other universities and colleges.
The teachers are commonly called dons5. Teaching is organized by means of lectures. Apart from6 lectures teaching is carried out by tutorial system, from which these two universities have always been famous. For this is a system of individual tuition organized by week to read and discuss an essay which the student has prepared.
There are many societies and clubs at Oxford and Cambridge. There are religious societies and societies for those who dont believe, political, sporting, dramatic, etc. Perhaps the most celebrated at Cambridge is the Debating society at which students debate political and other questions with famous politicians and writers.
Notes.
1. Bachelors degree , ,
2. degrees of Master and Doctor ,
3. to extend beyond the first degree ,
4. part-time education ,
full-time education ,
5. don ,
6. apart from ,
Text 2. Post-graduate research work and degrees in Britain.
The undergraduate course1 of studies at English universities is completed when students are ready to take their degree examinations2. After graduating they obtain the first academic degree or distinction of a Bachelor of Arts, depending on satisfactory examination results. Bachelors degrees are at two levels, Honours and Pass3. Honours degrees are the first, second or third class, and usually only about 5 per cent of the students are placed in the first class. Those that have a bent for research work may apply for an advanced course of study extending over not less than two academic years for full-time post-graduates and not less than three academic years for part-time graduate students.
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The first post-graduate degree is normally that of Master, conferred for a thesis based on one or two years full-time work. In some of the biggest universities there are seminars for post-graduate students, but usually there are no regular courses for them. In most universities it is only at the science faculties that large numbers of students stay to do the post-graduate work.
Every post-graduate student working on a research problem is provided with an adviser and evaluation of his thesis.
On completing his course of study every candidate must submit a thesis. He is also required to forward a shot abstract of thesis comprising not more than 300 words.
If the thesis is satisfactory on all points, the candidate will be awarded the degree and will continue his work in the academic field.
Everywhere the degree of Doctor is given for a thesis which is considered to be an original contribution to knowledge.
Notes.
1. the undergraduate course ,
2. degree examinations ,
3. Honours degree ,
Pass degree .
