,
Ne , ; ne , 1; t ; pe , .
,
pi , ; h .
K 1= S/D 0,8...1,2, .
pi pi = 0,91...1,06 e = 710 pi = 0,86...0,95 e = 1420 ( ).
h h= 0,8...0,85 h= 0,7...0,85 , : n = 40006000 1 n = 15004000 1 .
K 1 D ', . , .
.
.
(. 1.1) . 1.1.
h 1 (. 1.1) , ,
,
h .
1.1
d | (0,05...0,10) D | (0,12...0,20) D |
H | (0,8...1,3) D | (1,1...1,7) D |
h 1 | (0,45...0,75) D | (0,6...1,0) D |
h | (0,6...0,8) D | (0,8...1,1) D |
ij d | (0,3...0,5) D | (0,3...0,5) D |
³ b | (0,3...0,5) D | (0,3...0,5) D |
d, | 1,5...4,5 | 2,0...5,0 |
s | (0,05...0,10) D | (0,05...0,10) D |
³ e | (0,06...0,12) D | (0,11...0,20) D |
h | (0,03...0,05) D | (0,04...0,07) D |
t: | ||
(0,040...0,045) D | (0,040...0,045) D | |
(0,038...0,043) D | (0,038...0,043) D | |
a, | 2...4 | 3...5 |
г A 0 | (2,5...4,0) t | (3,2...4,0) t |
D t, : | ||
0,70...0,95 | 0,70...0,95 | |
0,9...1,1 | 0,9...1,1 | |
di | D 2 (s + t + D t) | |
ʳ n/ | 6...12 | 6...12 |
ij d | (0,3...0,5) a | (0,3...0,5) a |
d | (0,22...0,28) D | (0,30...0,38) D |
d | (0,65...0,75) d | (0,52...0,70) d |
l : | (0,88...0,93) D | (0,88...0,93) D |
(0,78...0,88) D | (0,80...0,90) D | |
l : | (0,28...0,32) D | (0,28...0,32) D |
(0,33...0,45) D | (0,33...0,45) D |
³ b . 2...3 l .
|
|
, . , , , () .
䳿 pz max, , (. 1.2). . , , pz max = pz. .
pz :
[],
[],
ε .
1.2 ,
.
, | (1.11) |
, .
[s] = 20...25 , [s] = 40...50 . [s] = 50...150 , [s] = 80...200 .
䳺 - (. . 1.1, ).
-
, | (1.12) |
; A- -;
, | (1.13) |
; .
[s] = 30...40 , [s] = 60...80 .
-:
. | (1.14) |
, -,
, | (1.15) |
m- , -,
m- = (0,40,6) m ; m ; R ; l= R/L ; .
,
m ¢= 80...150 /2 , m ¢=150...300 /2. . n max= (1,03...1,10) nN.
|
|
[s]= 4...10 , [s] = 8...20 .
䳿 (. 1.3)
, | (1.16) |
D, h .
. | (1.17) |
. | (1.18) |
[sS] = 30...40 , [sS] = 60...80 .
1.3 .
:
, , | (1.19) |
FN max , 䳺 .
FN max (. . 1.1, )
,
K 6= 0,12...0,14 K 6= 0,06...0,07 . :
.
, -
,
, -; .
= 100...200 /2 , = 250...400 /2. . .
q 1 = 0,33...0,96 q 2 = 0,22...0,42 .
D D D D . D = (0,006...0,008) D D = (0,001...0,002) D, D = (0,004...0,006) D D = (0,001...0,002) D. ϳ D D D = D D D = D D.
D D :
, , | (1.20) |
; a, a ( a = a = 25×106 1; a = a = 11×106 1); t , t t , . t = 110...115, t = 200...450 t = 130...200, t = 170...190, t = 300...600 t = 210...340; t 0 = 15 .
䒺 () . D D D D . .
. . .
(. . 1.1): D/t; A0 /t; a.
|
|
: = 1,0×105 , = 1,2×105 , = (2...2,3)×105 .
. | (1.21) |
: p = (0,11...0,37) ; p = (0,2...0,4) .
p .
p (. 1.4), , (. 1.2).
1.2 m
j, | |||||||
³ p/ p = m | 1,05 | 1,05 | 1,14 | 0,90 | 0,45 | 0,67 | 2,85 |
1.4 .
,
m j . 1.2.
. 1.2 .
. | (1.22) |
, | (1.23) |
m , . m = 1,57.
[s] = 220450 . . s2 s1 1030 %.
, | (1.24) |
, = 0,06...0,10 ; a a ; t , t t 0 t 0 = 15. : t = 110115, t = 200300, t = 170190, t = 250450.
ϳ , , , . ³ , , . : 15, 15, 123, 1824.
(. 1.5) (. 1.1) .
, , .
, .
1.5 .
, 䳺
, | (1.25) |
pz max = pz , ; pz max = pz () ; k , ( k = 0,76...0,86; k = 0,68...0,81); , , , .
|
|
. 1.6.
, | (1.26) |
d ; l .
, | (1.27) |
l ; b ; (l b) .
q = 20...60 q = 15...50 . .
1.6
.
, . 1.7,
, | (1.28) |
.
[s] = 100...250 .
. | (1.29) |
[t] = 60...250 . , , .
, , (). , , (. 1.7).
.
, | (1.30) |
. = (2,0...2,3)×105 . D d . max 0,02...0,05 .
1.7
, .
, (. 1.7), ( 1 2 y = 0) ( 3 4 y = 90) : ( 1, y = 0):
; | (1.31) |
( 3, y = 90)
. | (1.32) |
( 2, y = 0)
; | (1.33) |
( 4, y = 90)
. | (1.34) |
. 300...350 .
, , . : , (, . ). . 2.1 .
2.1 .
, . , . 40, 45, 452, 40, 18, 40. I. , ( , . ), , .
. 1 : pz = 0,85 pz pz = pz w e, w max, ( ) d , m , m , R, A , l.
. 2.1.
2.1
d: | d d (1,101,25) d | d d (1,101,25) d |
d | (1,251,65) d | (1,31,7) d |
l (. . 1.1): | (0,280,32) D (0,330,45) D | (0,280,32) D (0,330,45) D |
̳ h | (0,160,27) d | (0,160,27) d |
s | (0,0550,085) d | (0,0700,085) d |
s h , d =(d +2 s ), d = (d +2 h ).
|
|
(. 2.1) : ) () - 䳿 ( ), ; ) , 䳿 ; ) () - ( ) 䳿 ( ) . ) , .
- n = n m m ( -). m , 6...9 % .
Fj - smin=0
( Fj >0 -) . - .
(1.1), (1.7) (1.8) 2,5...5.
, ,
DS = D + D t, | (2.1) |
D , ; D t .
D t = d (a a) t, | (2.2) |
d ; a=1,8×105 1 ; a=1,0×105 1 ; t = 100...120 .
, | (2.3) |
d , d d ; m = 0,3 ; = 2,2×105 ; = 1,15×105 .
, . | (2.4) |
100...150 . .
- n = nM n = nN F = F + Fj 䳿 .
, , .
, | (2.5) |
m ; w : w=w n = n w=w n = nM.
, Fj (. 2.2, ).
(. 2.2, ) , (), , Nj 0 Mj 0.
2.2 :
, .
, , | (2.6) |
j ; r =0,25(d + d) .
2, j 90 j,
, . | (2.7) |
- j=j (2.7).
Nj 2 Mj 2 , .
-
; | (2.8) |
l ; h = 0,5(d d) .
. Nj 2, , K. Mj 2 .
, | (2.9) |
A = (d d) l ; A = (d d ) l .
K - 䳿
;. | (2.10) |
,
. | (2.11) |
pz , pz = 0,85 pz pz = pz ; p 0 = 0,1 .
F c , (. 2.2, ).
N 2 M 2 - (j=j)
; . | (2.12) |
(2.12) j j/180º , j . 2.2.
. 2.3. j.
-
; | (2.13) |
K , , (2.9).
, 䳿 , , , ,
; . | (2.14) |
(1.1), (1.7) (1.8).
2.2 N0/F M0/F j,
N 0 /F | 0,0001 | 0,0005 | 0,0009 | 0,0018 | 0,0030 | 0,0060 | 0,0085 |
M 0 /F 0 r | 0,0001 | 0,00025 | 0,0006 | 0,0011 | 0,0018 | 0,0030 |
2.3 j,
cos j | 0,1736 | 0,2588 | 0,342 | 0,4226 | 0,5000 | 0,5736 | 0,6428 |
1cos j | 1,1736 | 1,2588 | 1,3420 | 1,4226 | 1,5000 | 1,5736 | 1,6428 |
sinjcosj | 1,1584 | 1,2247 | 1,2817 | 1,3289 | 1,3660 | 1,3928 | 1,4088 |
0,5×sinjj sinj /p cosj /p | 0,0006 | 0,0020 | 0,0047 | 0,0086 | 0,0148 | 0,0235 | 0,0344 |
³ 2,5...5,0. ϳ j = 90 .
. 2.4.
- 䳿 , ( j = 0) [H]
, | (2.15) |
m = 0,275 m , - ; m = 0,725 m , ; m . m = (0,20...0,28) m .
2.4
ij d | (0,56...0,75) D |
t : | (0,03...0,05) d t 0,1 d |
³ | (1,30...1,75) d |
l | (0,45...0,95) d |
- l .
, | (2.16) |
; r 1 = 0,5(d + 2 t ) ; J = l × t 3, J = l (0,5 r 1)3 ; ; A = l ×0,5( d ) .
s 100...300 .
, , - (. 2.1) . 2.5.
2.5
h min | (0,50...0,55) d | (0,50...0,55) d |
h | (1,2...1,4) h min | (1,2...1,4) h min |
b | (0,50...0,60) l | (0,55...0,75) l |
a t , | (2,5...4,0) | (4,0...7,5) |
( . 2.3) - 䳿 ( ), n = nN n = nM. . . nx = ny.
2.3 䳺 .
pz ,
, | (2.17) |
mj = m + 0,275 m - ( , - ).
(),
, | (2.18) |
pr =0,12 .
³ F - :
, | (2.19) |
A = h b (b a )(h 2 t ) ; , ; s = s ; L = R/ l ; - -, ;
, | (2.20) |
, ; - ; d 1 = 2 r 1 ; - y-y, .
smax x smax y : 160...250 , 200...350 .
̳ , - F p,
, | (2.21) |
nx ny (1.1), (1.7) (1.8). nx ny , k s (1.5).
nx ny 1,5.
, , 䳺 , 璺 . (2.15). , 䳺 .
. 35, 40, 35, 37, 18, 20, 40, 40.
Fj . , 璺 䳿 .
, | (2.22) |
.
, ,
, | (2.23) |
c 璺
,
K , 璺; K .
c 0,15...0,25. dz c .
, , :
; , | (2.24) |
d = d 1,4 t ; d ; t .
(1.1), (1.7) (1.8). k s (1.4) . 2.