.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


DXF, DX90, PIC,DWG

DXF AutoCAD .

. () (). : , : , .

. , . /

, , , , , , .

. , , 䳿 ᒺ . ດ . ᒺ .

- , . ϳ 쳺 , , . , .

 

 

2.2. ( ) , . , . , ò . , , .

ò , ò , 䳺 , , , , '.

Spatial Database Engine (SDE) ARC/INFO òC, ArcSDE ARC/INFO, MapObjects Internet Map Server - , Arc View Internet Map Server

 

2.3. ò , ò , 䳺 , , , , '.

Spatial Database Engine (SDE) ARC/INFO òC, ArcSDE ARC/INFO, MapObjects Internet Map Server - , Arc View Internet Map Server .

 

 

2.4. () - , .

- ' ( );

- ' ;

- , ;

- ( , )

¢ : , , , , .

 

2.5. ̳ , S (International Organization for Standardization, ISO) - , .

̳ 1946 ' , : ISA (International Federation of the National Standardizing Associations), - 1926 ( 1942) UNSCC (United Nations Standards Coordinating Committee), 1944 . 1947 . [2] , , . S . 23 2005 S.

, . ισος - , ̳ ISO.

S , , ̳ (, IEC). . .

S : , , - .

,

OpenGIS - Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC), , 1994 . OGC, 400 , , , ò .

OGC , , '. , , ò.
OGC 30 , :

CSW - Web:

GML - Geography Markup Language: XML-

GeoXACML - Geospatial Access Control Markup Language ( 2009 )

KML - Keyhole Markup Language: XML- ( ) -, -

WCS - - : , '

WCPS - Web :

WFS - Web Feature Service:

WMS - Web Map Service:

WMTS - Web Map Tile :

OpenGIS . , , , .

 

 

2.6. , - . , , , , .

. , INSPIRE 2005-2013 . , (GSDI).

, , , . ᒺ , .

, - - , , .

 

2.7. , .

:

- , , 䳿 , , , , 䳿 ;

䳿;

, , , ;

ᒺ , ;

, ;

, ;

, , , , , ;

, , ;

, ;

-, , .

 

 

2.8. ò (Canada Geographic Information System, CGIS), 60- XX . ò , (Canada Land Inventory), .
( ò, (1976), (ARIS, 1979-1982) .) , ' 50- XX ., - . , ' , , .
, , , (, ), 80- . ò ' , - . , ' (Computer Aided Designing CAD), ' , ' , 㳿 , , , , .

' : 1) 1950- - 1970- ; 2) 80- 3) 90- XX XXI .

 

2.9. ( ) ( ). ' ( ).

, ( ), . ò- ' ( ) ().

. (digitizer, digitiser, tablet, table digitizer, digitizer tablet, digital tablet, graphic tablet, - - , , , - - , ) - , . (tablet) - . : ( ) (stylus, pen stylus) .

:

- ;

- , 4- 0;

- ;

- , , .

 

2.10. ϳ ò - , ' . ò ' (, .), , , , , - , .

ò: (global GIS), ò (, , ); ò ( , ), ; ò (regional GIS) (, : , , - , , ); ò ò (local GIS).

ò , ò, ò (urban GIS), ò (environmental GIS) . .

ò , , ( ), ( , ), , , , , . , , ò, "" " " , , 񳺿 .

ò,ò (integrated GIS, IGIS) ò ( ) :

- ò (spatio-temporal GIS) - (, ).

ò (GIS project), ò , :

- (feasibility study), .. (user requirements) ò, , - , ""/"" (costs/benefits);

- ò (GIS designing), - (pilot-project), ò (GIS development); , (test area), , (prototype);

- () ò (GIS implementation); '.

2.11. ò?

ϳ 쳺 , , , , ( ). , , , , , , . - . . - - - : , , ᒺ, . . -.

, -, .

2.12. ò?

ò Erdas Imaging,

PhotoMod, ER Mapper, Microstation Bently, Easy Trace, ESRI: ARC/INFO, ArcView,

ARCGIS, Intergragh, AUTOCAD, Map MapInfo.

2.13. ò?

. 䳿 ; -ᒺ

. , , , . , . , . . - , , 䳿 . , 䳿 .

, , , , .

2.14. ò? ` . (ò). 㳿, ò-㳿 , . ò ' , , , , , , , ' , , . , , . ( , ) '. , 60 90 , , ( , , ' ). , . , . , , -, . , - . , , . , , , , , , .
, - .
' . , , .

2.15. ò , . 80-90% 񳺿 ò. ò , , , .

ò . : ,, , , .. , , ò ( ARC/INFO), .

ò. , ò .
, ò , , 㳿 , , . ҳ , , ò, .
, ò , , ò, , , , .
, , . .

 

2.16. ò- ESRI, Autodesk, MapInfo, Bentley . (UNIX, Windows, DOS), - , . ò, .
ֳ , . , , , , , .
ESRI , , .

2.17. ( 50 70- XX c.) , , .

(80- XX .). 70- 80- XX. ò- . . (1973-1978) ( ) ' . ò-.

(90- XX . XXI .). ò- 90- , , , , .

㳿 90- XX . , , :

- , ò ;

- ò- (1997) (2003) , ;

- ò-, , , , , ;

- , / ;

- ;

- ò ;

- .

, , .

2.18. ò .

, . , , PCX, TIFF, GIF, RLE, RLC.

, . .

GIF , , .

GIF (. Graphics Interchange Format - ) - . GIF 256 , , , , GIF .

TIFF , . , , .

RLE , , . RLE 256 .

RCL, , . ³ , , .



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