OSI
OSI OSI/ISO. 7 . , .
OSI:
7.. . : HTTP,FTP,SMTP
6.. : . : ASCII, EBCDIC, JPEG.
5.. : . : RPC, PAP.
4.. . : TCP, UDP,SCTP
3.. .
2.. .
1.. .
2. TCP/IP
TCP/IP . TCP/IP : IP (Internet Protocol) TCP (Transmission Control Protocol). TCP/IP, , , .
, TCP/IP, TCP/IP 32- , (), . TCP/IP ..., 0 255. 147.98.26.11. REF Tab17_01 \* CHARFORMAT 17.1 IP- .
TCP/IP ARPANET, .
TCP/IP 1.4. TCP/IP 4 .
3. TCP/IP
TCP/IP :
(MAC-, : F4-D2-32-12-43-FD);
(IP-, : 113.17.10.123);
, : www.just-networks.ru.
TCP/IP , , . , , TCP/IP . , - (Media Access Control).
-
3 ( ;
3 , - MAC-) 24- (OUI), ( MFG Manufacturing, ), IEEE. 22 (),
|
|
2 .
IP- 32- , IP-.
IP- 32- 4 8 (), . IP- , .
IP- .
IP- . IP- : , (, ), () (, : RU , UK , SU ). just-networks.ru.
IP ,
IP- , , . IP- 4 ( ), W.X.Y.Z, 0 255, , 213.128.193.154.
|
|
IP-
5 IP- A, B, C, D, E. IP- (W). .
IP- | A | B | C | D | E |
1-126 | 128-191 | 192-223 | 224-239 | 240-247 |
IP- . . , .
IP- . 4- , IP-. " " : , IP-, , , , .
IP
, IP 4 IP. , IPv4, .
6 :
IP ()
IP
(TTL)
|
|
(ToS)
IPv4
IP
"IP " 32- , .
IP
"IP " 32- , () .
(TTL) 8- , "" . TTL , ( , ). , , . , , . , , . TTL , TTL .
8- , . "" .
:
01 ICMP
06 TCP
17 UDP
"-" 8- , , . (QoS) , , IP . , , , , - .
, , , ( ) , MTU . , IPv4 " " MF IP, , . , .
" "
" " (MF) , . " " , , . , MF = 1, , , . MF = 0 , . (MF = 0, = 0).
" "
" " (DF) , , . " " , . , , DF 1, .
- IP (4).
(IHL) - .
- , , .
|
|
- , IP.
- .
- IPv4, , .
IP-
IP ..
Ver = 4; IP.
IHL = 5; 32 (4 ). 5*4 = 20 , .
= 472; ( ) 472 .
= 111; (, ).
= 0; , .
= 0; , ( ).
= 123; 3 , ( 1 , ).
= 6; , , , TCP.