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1: E(x) x. E(x) = [ x ] , x. , x = r + q, r ( ) q [0; 1), [ x ] = r. E(x) = [ x ] [ r; r +1) [ x ] = r.
2: y = { x } . y = { x } = x - [ x ], [ x ] x. x. x , x = r + q (r = [ x ]), r q [0; 1), { x } = r + q - r = q
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