1. .
2. .
3. ().
4. ().
5. ().
6. .
7. ().
8. .
.
, . 8 , 2 , 2 , 15/, 1 .
:
()
= 2
= 2
= =_, _ _ /3
= 15 /
=_ _ / 1
= 8 /
()
1 = 1000 /
2 = 1000 /
3 = 106 3 / 3 3 3
4 = 60 /
= ×/1 [2=××/]
= ××4 [3/=2×/×/]
=×/2×3 [/= /3×3//(/) × 3 /3]
=× [/= / × / ]
=× [/=/×/]
, , . .
, .
, , .
++
++ 80- AT&T Bell Laboratories . ++ , 1972 .
++ . -, , , , .
-, .
|
|
|
++ , Java, , ++.
++ , , , . , , .
1983 (ANSI) . 1989 ANSI, (ISO). ++ ANSI ( 1995).
++ International Standard for Information Systems Programming Language C++ (ISO/IEC JTC1/SC22/WG21) []. ++, .
2.1.
++ 52 ( ) :
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W Z Y Z
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w z y z
10 :
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
30 :
| + | ; | ; | |
| - | ; | ( | ; |
| * | ; | ) | ; |
| / | ; | [ | ; |
| \ | ; | ] | ; |
| < | ; | { | ; |
| > | ; | } | ; |
| = | ; | ? | ; |
| . | ; | ! | ; |
| , | ; | | | ; |
| ; | ; | ~ | ; |
| : | ; | ^ | ; |
| ' | ; | # | , ; |
| " | ; | & | ; |
| _ | ; | % | . |
2.2.
.
:
- ;
- ;
- ;
- .
2.2.1.
/++ , .
++ .1
1
| auto | long | ||
| bool | new | ||
| break | , | operator | |
| case | overload | ||
| char | private | ||
| class | protected | ||
| const | public | ||
| continue | register | ||
| default | return | ||
| delete | short | ||
| do | signed | ||
| double | sizeof | ||
| else | static | ||
| enum | struct | ||
| extern | switch | ||
| float | this | ||
| for | typedef | ||
| friend | union | ||
| goto | virtual | ||
| if | volatile | ||
| inline | void | ||
| int | while |
2.2.2.
|
|
|
, . , (, , , ).
, . . , . , , . , ( , ).
, .
, . , , . , , , .
. 2 /++, .
2
| / | |||||
| min | max | ||||
| Bool | false (0) | true (1) | |||
| signed char ( char) | -128 | ||||
| unsigned char | |||||
| int[1] | -32768 | ||||
| unsigned int (unsigned) | |||||
| short int (short) | -32768 | ||||
| unsigned short int (unsigned short) | |||||
| long int (long) | -2147483648 | ||||
| unsigned long int (unsigned long) | |||||
| Float | 3,4 -38 | 3,4 +38 | |||
| Double | 1,7 -308 | 1,7 +308 | |||
| long double | 3,4 -4932 | 3,4 +4932 | |||
| void[2] |
. () .
:
u1[=c1] [,u2[=c2], , uN[=cN] ];
, , , :
[ ]
[ ] ;
, ;
, ;
u1 uN ;
, ;
1 N ,
;
= ;
; .
. (,). (;).
() 256 , [3] ( ).
|
|
|
, . (Abc abc )! , , .
.
, . , .
(=).
, .
bool 1 , , , 0 (false, ) (true, ). BOOL , TRUE FALSE. , unsigned short, 1 0, . ++ bool .
, . ( int, long, short), , , . , . ( ) . , . , , unsigned. ( signed, , , , ).
char , ANCII. , , , . . char .
float. , , 4 : 1 , 8 , 23 . , 7-8 .
, , double ( , ) long double. double 8 : 1 , , ). 16-17 , 20 . (pointer) , . void . , , . , void. int A2, igr; double s, s1; float summa; long int sh; short int n, N; unsigned short it, i, j, k; long int, short int (. . 2) int . : long sh; short n, N; : int ss, sr, sob1; (), . . .:char per='\n';int pc=265, i=0;float x, y, z=15.e-3;! !2.2.3.
|
|
|
, . , : , , .
, (): 'e', '@', '>'.
. " " . , , . , 007. . ,
'\007', '\07', '\7'
. .
, :
" ! ".
, . ", ', \, \", \', \\.
:
, " \ ",
:
", \" \\ \"".
(), '\0'. - '\0' , . , 'T' "T" ( ) , , , , \0. .
+(-) . :
- ;
- ;
- .
, , , : 123; 2384.
( 0 7), , : 034; 047.
0 0 0 9 , , , D, E, F, (a, b, c, d, e, f), 10 15 . : 012, -017, 0FF, 0xfa62.
. . -32768 +32767, 0 65535.
( ). L (l) . :
1000242L 047777777l +12345678L -0XA761263l
( )
[m].[n][Ep] ([m].[n][ep]),
m ( ;
n ( );
p ( );
E () ();
[ ] .
. : 3.14159 -255..79 -1.5612 2.87-3 10.6.312 6-2
.
. , . 1038 6-7 . ( ). . , F (f).
|
|
|
, .
const, , , , .
++ 1 , , 0 255 (. . 3). , , : , , escape-. escape - Epson, , . , 27 (01), "Escape" ASCII.
Escape- , .
3
| \\ | |
| \' | |
| \" | |
| \? | |
| \a | |
| \b | 1 |
| \f | |
| \n | |
| \r | |
| \t | |
| \v | () |
:
const double Pi=3.1415;
3.1415. , , () Pi.
2.2.4.
, (), . , .
, , . , #include. ( , ).
[] ([]);
() ;
.
,
int;
,
,
.
.
;
() ;
[ ] .
.
, , , .
, () .
, . , .
( ), , :
(1[,a2, , an])
;
1 n ;
, ;
() ;
[ ] .
. (. . 4). math.h.
4
| xy | pow(x,y) | |
| ex | exp(x) | |
| ln x | log(x) | |
| log x | log10(x) | |
| sqrt(x) | |
| fabs(x) | |
| sin x | sin(x) | |
| os x | os(x) | |
| tg(x) | tan(x) | |
| arcsin x | asin(x) | |
| arccos x | acos(x) | |
| arctg x | atan(x) | |
| arctg y/x | atan2(x,y) | y/ |
, ( ).
.
2.3.
, ( ) , . , , , .
/++ , .
/++ . , , , , . . . , , , , .
= ; = L;
;
=
A(L) () ;
; .
, , (). , . . , . . , . , . . , x = y = z x = (y = z), x + y + z (x + y) + z, .
. 5.
5
| :: | => | |||
| [ ] | => | |||
| () | => | |||
| . | => | |||
| -> | ||||
| ++ | <= | |||
| -- | <= | |||
| ++ | <= | |||
| -- | <= | |||
| sizeof sizeof() | <= | |||
| () | ||||
| ~ | <= | |||
| ! | <= | |||
| - | <= | |||
| + | <= | |||
| & | <= | |||
| * | <= | |||
| new new[] | <= | |||
| delete delete[] | <= | |||
| casting | ||||
| * | => | |||
| / | => | |||
| % | => | |||
| + | => | |||
| - | => | |||
| >> | => | |||
| << | => | |||
| < | => | |||
| <= | => | |||
| > | => | |||
| >= | => | |||
| == | => | |||
| != | => | |||
| & | => | |||
| ^ | => | |||
| | | => | |||
| && | => | |||
| || | => | |||
| ?: | <= | |||
| = | <= | |||
| *= | <= | |||
| /= | <= | |||
| %= | <= | |||
| += | <= | |||
| -= | <= | |||
| <<= | <= | |||
| >>= | <= | |||
| &= | <= | |||
| ^= | <= | |||
| |= | <= | |||
| throw | <= | |||
| , | => |
.
.
= ;
( );
(. . 5);
;
; .
= ;
, a*=b; a=a*b; a-=b; a=a-b;
2.3.1.
: (-), (++), (--), (+), (-), (*), (/), (%). , (), , 1 1. unsigned, 2n, n , int.
, ++ .
/ :
: INC N
: DEC N
N , .
. . .
:
x = y++; //
index = --current;//
count++; //
// , ++count;
abc--; // , --abc;
, . current , index.
(char, short, int, long) . , 6%2 0, 5%2 1, 7%4 3 .. .
/++ (/). , , .
! , . , , :
volume = 4/3*Pi*r*r*r;
, . 4/3, , 1. 1.0. , , 1.0 1.333...
, , , (short, long . .), . . . , .
. , " " "". , . :
har, short
Int, long
Float
Double
Long double
, , . . , , , .
_() (_)
, ( ). , ( ) . -, . :
int i = 1;
float f = float (i+1);
unsigned long ul = (unsigned long)i;
unsigned long (i) .
2.4.
, . ++ :
-, , ;
;
, .
, , :
{ 1; 2; }
: , , .
. " ", (;) . . , , (, , ). , .
2.4.1. /++
/++ -. /++ -, stdi.h, include.
++ - -.
-.
scanf()
scanf():
scanf(" ", 1[, 2,,n]);
scanf ;
" " -
(),
;
1,,n - ,
;
,, - ;
[ ]
; - .
scanf() ( ) ( ) , . , . (-) . scanf() , . . , 0.
, :
-;
, -;
.
- ,
(\t) (\n). , .
, - , (%). , .
, , . . , , . , , , .
:
% [*] [] [F |[4] N] [h | l | L] _
(%).
. 6 .
6
| * | . , . , , , , , (type_char), . | |
| . . , -. | ||
| F | N | . : N near pointer F far pointer | |
| h | l | L | . , : h = short int l =long int, type_char l=double, type_char L=long double ( ) | |
| _ | () |
. 7.
7
| d | (int). h, (short int). h, (long) | |
| D | (long) | |
| E,e | . l, double. L, long double. | |
| f | . l, double. | |
| (int) | ||
| (long) | ||
| i | , | (int) |
| I | , | (long) |
| u | (int) | |
| U | (unsigned long) | |
| (int) | ||
| (long) | ||
| s | (char arg[]) | |
| c |
, , . . . (^), : , .
,
%[abcd] - a, b, c, d.
%[^abcd] - , a, b, c, d.
, .
,
%[0-9] .
%[0-9A-Za-z] .
, .
- (-) . , , , . .
. ( ) . . (). , , . (&). , :
&,
& .
,
.
, a, x2, summa &a, &x2, &summa.
. .
scanf() :
int i, res;
float fp;
char c, s[81];
res=scanf("%d%f%c%s",&i, &f, &c, s);
printf("\n\n %d \n",res);
printf(":\n %d %f %c %s\n", i, f, c, s);
:
1234 1234.5678 F string
:
4
:
1234 1234.5678 F string
printf().
printf():
printf(" ", [1,,n]);
printf ;
" "
(),
;
1,,n ,
(
);
,, - ;
[ ]
; - .
printf() stdout ( ). , , . , , . , , , . , EOF.
printf() , , . , :
, ;
, ( ), .
:
%[] [][.][F | N | h | l | L]
(%), , . 8.
8
| . , , , , | ||
| . ( ) | ||
| . ; | ||
| F | N | h | l | L | . | |
() . . 9.
9
| - | . |
| . | |
| + | . |
| , . | |
| # | 0 . |
: (+) (' '), .
. :
;
, (*).
, ( ) , . , . , . . 10
10
| N | N . N , (, (-), ). |
| 0n | , , n . n , . |
| * | , . |
printf() . , . , :
, ;
, (*).
, ( ) . , , , .
. . 11. , , , , .
11
| d | . | ||||||
| i | . | ||||||
| o | . | ||||||
| u | . | ||||||
| x | (, 16- a,b.c,d,e,f). | ||||||
| X | (, 16- A,B.C,D,E,F). | ||||||
| f | [-]dddd.dddd | ||||||
| e | [-]d.dddd [-]d.dddde[+/-]ddd |
|
|
|
|
|
: 2016-09-06; !; : 465 |
:
| 1766 - 
: 0.372 .