1. ( )
= C + I + G + Xn
C I G Xn , .
2. ()
, . , , .
3. ()
, , .
.
() .
, ().
1. . - . - .
2. . , . -
3. ,
4. = 1 + 2 - 3
5. - .
6.
7. = 4 + 5 - 6
:
. () , . =
() , - , . . :
- (, )
- (, [ ] [ ]),
- ( )
5. .
. . , . .
. :
1. , -
2. , .. .,
3. , .
, . . .
. (). , , .
:
1. . , ..
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2. . . : , , , , . . , :. . , .
3. . . , , , . , , .. / .
, . .
= /I, I ,
. :
1) ( );
2) ( );
3) ( ).
, , , , , . : 1) ( ), (consumption spending); 2) ( ), I (investment spending); 3) ( ), G (government spending); 4) ( ), Xn (net export)
= () +
(I gross) + (G) + (Xn)
. , .. , ( ).
= + + + + + + +
( ).
=+
=-
6. . . .
, , . :
1) ;
2) .
, () , . , , , .
= /
. .
()
, , . ( 300-400 ).
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() ( ) , , 3200 .
, , , , .. () ,
7. , .
. (aggregate demand AD) (, , ) . :
, .. (consumption demand);
, .. I (investment demand);
, .. G (government spending);
, .. Xn (demand for net export).
:
AD = C + I + G + Xn.
, .
, , . AD. , AD , , . , , :
- , :
(W- wealth).
(Yd disposal income).
(expectations).
:
- (Yde- expected disposal income).
- (e - expected inflation).
(Tx taxes).
(Tr - transfers).
(D debt).
(R interest rate).
(N number of consumers).
, : = (Yd, W, Yd e, e, Tx, Tr, D, R, N)
- , :
(E - expectations).
(R interest rate).
(Y - yield). , , ( inducedinvestment ).
(Tx taxes).
(Tr transfers).
(- technological progress).
(N excess).
(0).
: I = I (E, R, Y, Tx, Tr, , N excess, 0)
- , :
- , :
(Y world).
(Ydomestic).
(e exchange rate).
: n = Xn (Y world, Y domestic, e)
( ): ;
( , ).
( )
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.
.
.
8. .
, .. . , (.. supply-side). , , , . .
( . , .
, , , LRAS.
9. .
, .. , , ,
( ) , . demand-side, .. .
(SRAS short-run aggregate supply), (, , ), .
10. .
( LRAS)
, LRAS / () ( L, , , N, - t), ( Y1* Y2*) . ( )
( ) ( ). Y*. , .
( SRAS)
.
, , , .
( ) (- , , , ), (Q), (h), (t), (), () (Tr), (G managemant).
SRAS
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11. () AD-AS.
AD-AS . ( ) . , ( ) .
, () , . . . -> , . -> .
AS. . .
, . ( ) ( ) AD AS.
(positive shocks) AD . AS: , (SRAS); -, (SRAS); , (LRAS). (adverse shocks) AD , AS ( SRAS ), - ( SRAS) (LRAS).
: ; (, , - ).
( ) ( ), .
(adverse shocks) , , . :
, ;
( , , );
( , .., );
, .
, , , - .
12. . .
( ) (business cycle) , . , . :
(peak), ;
(trough), ( )
(.4-2 ()):
(recession), . (depression). 1929-1933 .
(recovery), .
I (boom), . ( , ) . (, , ). (overheated economy);
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(recession slump). ( ), , , , ;
(crisis) (stagnation). , . , .. ;
IV . , , , , .
, . : ( , ); ( , - ).
. ( ).
13. . .
(employed - E) , , , , ( ). , : 1) ; 2) ; 3) ; 4) - . , , .
(unemployed - U) , , . , , .
, :
L = E + U
. (rate of unemployment - u) ( ), :
u = U/L * 100% u = U/(E + U) * 100%
( - ) u . = (U./L) * 100%
(structural shifts) , :
, .
. u . = (U./L) * 100%
, , . (full-employment rate of unemployment) (natural rate of unemployment u*). , , (natural output) (Y*)
u* = u . + u . = [(U . + U.)/L] * 100%
, . , () , , .
( + + ) :
u .= (U/L) 100% = [(U . + U. + U.)/L] 100% = u . + u . + u .
: u .= u* + u .
14.
-- , ( ), , , , , . . . , , 1% 2-3%.
, , , , , . 2008 .
. , , , - . . .
15. -
, -, , -, .
, , , , ( ) - , , .. ( ), .
, , , . , . , , , , , , .
, ( ) , , .
, . , . , ( ). () (GDP gap) (Y) (Y*) :
: , . .
(inflation - inflatio, ) .
, , (deflation) .
(desinflation), .
() , :
, 10% . 3-4% , (natural rate of inflation);
, , ;
, , 200-300% (, ) ;
, , 40-50% 1000% .
. , :
(demand-pull inflation), . (, , ), . , , ( ) , - , , , .
( ) ( ).
(cost-push inflation), , , , . ( Y1 Y2) ( 1 2).
. , :
(expected) ;
() (unexpected) .
.
() , .
, ( ), . , . , , , , , .
() : , β . β , , 2 3. :
β(u u*) = (Y Y*) / Y*, u ; u* ; Y Y* .
, u u* , . , , .
