. - . , ; , . - : , . , , "" , , , .
(tension), . , , , . : ; . "" . , , , , , , .
. : "... : ... . , , . " (MacCormac 1985: 27).
, , , , . , , , .
( ). , . . : , - .
. :"3 , ?" - . - , . , . . : " , . " " .. , , . - , , . " (Black M. 1962: 34).
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: . , : , .
. , "" " " . , . , - "", , . , , , , .
, , , , , . , "" "".
, - , . , " - ", " ", , , , . . , . . , .
, - , . . Ѹ , ,, - , . (Searle J. 1993: 97).
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Ѹ "Sally is a block of ice", , , , "" , , - "", . " ", .. .. (Way E. C. 1991: 36). , , .
Ѹ , . , . , "Richard is a gorilla", , , , .. , , , , ( ), . , , Ѹ, , . , , , . , , , .
. - . , . . , " - " (surgeons are butchers) " - ".
Ѹ , . , " Sally is a block of ice " , , , - , , . Ѹ , Sally is a dragon , . Ѹ : " (Searle J. 1993: 101).
, , , . , , , , , .
(Tourageau R. & Sternberg R. 1982: 203-204) , , . : (Donald Leavis is the George Wallace of nothern Ireland), Donald Leavis , , . .
: (Wallace) (Leavis). , : , .
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, , , (Camac M. & Glucksberg S. 1984: 443-445). , , . , . .
, , , , . -, . : , , . ? Ѹ : " : . , "S " "S ", . , , . , , " - " " " " 90 . "? (Searle J. 1993: 10).
, - : .
, . Ÿ , 1958. . "". (verbal-opposition theory), . , , , , " , , " (Beardsley 1958: 138).
(self-controverting). "" , , - - ( , ), . , - , , , , , , .
, , "" ; , . : , , " " ( ) " - " ) (Beardsley 1958: 141).
, . , , "" . "" - 1, '"" "" ) (" "").
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: " , , , , , " (Beardsley 1958: 141).
, "" . ' " (The Metaphorical Twist). , : , , , . , (Beardsley 1958: 106). , , . , " ".
, , ( 1979: 94, 1992). .
. , . - , , - . , , . , , , .
"" , ; .
, , . , . ; " " (Beardsley 1958: 111). , , , . , , "No man is an island, , , "The old rock is brittle with age", (Way 1991: 43).
, , , , , . , . , , .
, . , , , , , (Grice 1975: 41-58). , , " " - , : , , , , , .
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, , . Ÿ , . - , , ; . , , , .
. 1955 "" ( " " 1962 ) " "(Black 1993: 19-42). : (, tenor) (, vehicle). , ( "system of commonplaces"), .
, . . "" , ", , " (Black 1993: 29).
" , " (Black 1993: 41): , , . , , , - , .
, , - - . , : .
, - . , , . " - - ; " (Black 1993: 37).
, , , . . , , . . " , " (Hesse 1980: 117).
, . , , , . , , ( 1994: 23). , ( 1996: 73-85).
, , , , , , , , , (Eco 1984: 68), .
- . . , , .
, , (Gibbs 1992: 90) , . ( 1996).
, , . , .
, , , , , ( 1996: 52-58). . . , , .
.. 3 :
- ,
- ,
- ( 19960: 52-58).
. , . , , .
, . : - .
- , . - , / .
.. , 1993 , . , . - ( 1993: 31). , .. , . , , . ( 1993: 40). , . ( 1993: 30).
. . , . . , ( 1993: 31-36) , , , , .
, . , , , .., . .. ( 1986).
- . .., ., .. . - . ( 1990). ( ) , , , ( 1990). .
. ; (interaction theory) - . . .. .
- . , , tenor-vehicle.
- -- , . . - . , . . - , .
.. : -; , , - , - ( 1997: 37-38).
, , ( -) , , - (, ) . ( , , ) , -, .
: 1) , 2) ( ); 1) ; 2) ( ); 1) ; 2) ; 1) , 2) , 3) , 4) , 5) ( ); 1) , 2) , ; 1) , 2) , (- ) - .
, : . , , , - , , - , ( 1997).