2
- . , .
R
- R. , , R , , . : , .
. , , - , (Emacs/Vi ). , , , , . - , , . (, ), .
- , R , . R :
> getwd()
[1] "/home/username/"__
, . :
> setwd("./workdir") > getwd() [1] "/home/username/workdir"
, - help(getwd). , - :
> dir() [1] "mydata.txt"
. read.table():
> read.table("mydata.txt", sep=";", head=TRUE)
1 1 2 3 2 4 5 6 3 7 8 9
"mydata.txt", C:\Users\student\Documents , :
1;2;2
123;1222;22244
123;322;1122
4555;1566;1145
read.table("mydata.txt", sep=";", head=TRUE)
, ";" (.. head=TRUE). mydata-unicode.txt, .
, . , (head=TRUE) (sep=";"). read.table() , , . R,
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file.show():
> file.show("mydata.txt")
;; 1;2;3 4;5;6 7;8;9
R , read.table(), . , sep "". , , , sep . , , , . , , :
1) , :
> read.table("../workdir/mydata.txt")
2) , . ru_RU.UTF-8, KOI8-R, file():
> read.table("mydata.txt", sep=";", head=TRUE,encoding="KOI8-R")
1 1 2 3 2 4 5 6 3 7 8 9
3) , R . , ( ):
> file.show("mydata2.txt")
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
> read.table("mydata2.txt", head=TRUE)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
4) , . - , dec:
> read.table("mydata3.txt", dec=",", h=T)
1.1 2.2 3.3 4.4 5.0 6.0 7.0 8.0 9.0
(h=T). , , TRUE/FALSE.
, . , ,
R, - ( Perl). . , , , , , MS Excel. , : R? : , . , . , . R .
R foreign, - , Minitab, S, SAS, SPSS, Stata, Systat, DBF. , :
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> library(foreign)
> help(package=foreign)
Excel, . , R , . MS Excel 2007 . R . OpenOffice Calc xls-, , R:
> read.table("clipboard")
, .
, , Excel- . : - . , / , . :
R!
:
R . . pixmap. R ArcInfo . ( maps, maptools) .
2) R . , .
> x <- ""
> save(x, file="x.rd")
> rm(x)
> x
: "x"
> dir()
[1] "x.rd"
> load("x.rd")
> x
[1] ""
save() load(), <-, rm().
3) R , , MySQL, PostgresSQL SQLite ( R, . RSQLite sqldf).
4) , R , , , . .
, , R , .
R . , lattice, , , CRAN. , R . , .
X- ( ) , :
> X11(fonts = c(+ "-rfx-helvetica-%s-%s-*-*-%d-*-*-*-*-*-koi8-r",+ "-adobe-symbol-medium-r-*-*-%d-*-*-*-*-*-*-*"))
. 2.1. X11
fonts X11 , c(). , , , , . xfontsel . Fonts , help(X11). :
> plot(1:20, main="")
> legend("topleft", pch=1, legend="␣")
, . , , . , R. : plot() , ( generic, ). , , , . , 1:20 1 20, , , ( ), .
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- , , , . :
> plot(cars)
> title(main="␣20-␣")
, . , plot(), , title(). cars1 R , , . , , : speed distance ( ). plot() , , scatterplot, X (), Y , . , plot(), , , trees. , , , data() ( , ).
plot(), R , , 2 . , , R . :
> dev.off()
R , , , , . R , ( Mac OS X ). , . . ( - ), . :
> png(file="1-20.png", bg="transparent")
> plot(1:20)
> dev.off()
png() , , (, , Web). . - dev.off(), 1-20.png. png() . , , . jpeg(), - jpeg-.
R , , PDF. , , . . PDF-, :
> pdf("1-20.pdf",family="NimbusSan",encoding="KOI8-R.enc")
> plot(1:20, main="")
> dev.off()
> embedFonts("1-20.pdf")
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, , , , . , R: CP1251.enc KOI8-U.enc. embedFonts(). , NimbusSan R Ghostscript, , . PDF, R , , PostScript, xfig picTeX. RSvgDevice, SVG. , , Inkscape.
, R . , R. , , : . , , , :
> # eps- 6 6
> postscript("2hist.eps",width=6.0,height=6.0, + horizontal=FALSE,onefile=FALSE,paper="special")
> #
> old.par <- par(mfrow=c(2,1))
> hist(cars$speed)
> hist(cars$dist) > #
> par(old.par)
> dev.off()
par() , mfrow, . mfrow c(1,1), . par() ( 71 ), old.par, . , hist() , .
. 2.2.