, , . - , , . . - : , .
, -, (TFT thin film transistor). , . , , .
- . . . , . . , . , - - . , . , , (. . ). , - , .
, - :
();
;
( - , , );
.
- :
() , . , , - . 20 ;
. , ( - ), ;
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. , - ;
(, ) , , . ( ) , .
( ). : , ( ).
( ) . , - , , . , , , , .
( , , , ).
- , , . , .
. 3.8. (-). , 3 . , -: 1_ "0, 2 = /2, 3 =
. 3.8 (").
( = 0), . , . , . , , () . , , -, 90' ( ). , , , .
, , , ( , : ). , , - . .
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, 45. ( , =0), . - , , . .
, , . . , ( ). , .
, . 3.8 . (, ), ( ), ( ). , , . . , , , ( ), , . : , .
.
. , , . () . ^+1 () .
. 3.9. - (1-). , 3 , , -: 1 =0, 2 = /2, 3 =
() (IPS in-plane switching, NEC, Hitachi, 1995). , , , (. 3.9), , TN-.
, , . , . , , . , , . , .
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- TN- , , .
(MVA multi-domain vertical alignment, Fujitsu, 1996). , TN IPS, (negative liquid crystal), , (. 3.10).
. . - (MVA-) () (). . 3 , ■ , , . , D , -: 1 =0. 2 -/2, 3 = 4, 5
. . , , . , , . . (- ), ( ) : , . . , , , .
, , . , , . : . , , . , . , . . , , , .
(PVApatterned vertical alignment, Samsung). , (. 3.11). , . , .
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. 3.11. - (-):
MVA- PVA- , IPS-. , , , , , , TN-. , . MVA- PVA- ( ), iPS-, , . , IPS-, , , , .
.
, TN- STN- (super twisted nematic), , 90, 270, . STN, , DSTN (double () STN), STN, ; TSTN (triple () STN) FCSTN (film compensated STN).
IPS- : SIPS (super IPS), SFT (superfine ()TFT), ASFT(advanced () SFT), SASFT (super ASFT), DDIPS (dual domain (-) IPS).
MVA- ASV (advanced super view) ASM (axially symmetric aligned micro-cell mode). ASV- , MVA-, , . ASM- (12J.