5
¾ 990 :
, 30 53 100
, % 32 50 73
n k . : , , , ,
() : = 0(1-x), 0 . : (*). x : - (-x = (1-x) 1). ( 2.1×10-4 -1.
, , .
unit Unit1;
interface
uses
Windows, Messages, SysUtils, Variants, Classes, Graphics, Controls, Forms,
Dialogs, StdCtrls,Math, ExtCtrls, TeeProcs, TeEngine, Chart, Series;
type
TForm1 = class(TForm)
Memo1: TMemo;
Chart1: TChart;
Edit1: TEdit;
Label1: TLabel;
Label2: TLabel;
Label3: TLabel;
Label4: TLabel;
Label5: TLabel;
Button1: TButton;
Button2: TButton;
Button3: TButton;
Chart2: TChart;
Edit2: TEdit;
Label6: TLabel;
Series2: TFastLineSeries;
Edit3: TEdit;
Label7: TLabel;
Edit4: TEdit;
Label8: TLabel;
Memo2: TMemo;
Series4: TFastLineSeries;
Memo3: TMemo;
Memo4: TMemo;
Series3: TLineSeries;
Series1: TLineSeries;
procedureFormCreate(Sender: TObject); { - }
procedure Button2Click(Sender: TObject); {}
procedure Button3Click(Sender: TObject); {}
procedure Button1Click(Sender: TObject); {}
private
{ Private declarations }
public
{ Public declarations }
end;
var
Form1: TForm1;
i:integer;
tt,al:array [0..3] of real;
k,dt,t,c,n:real;
implementation
{$R *.dfm}
procedure TForm1.FormCreate(Sender: TObject);
begin
tt[0]:=0; al[0]:=0;
tt[1]:=30; al[1]:=0.32;
tt[2]:=53; al[2]:=0.5;
tt[3]:=100; al[3]:=0.73;
memo1.Clear;
memo2.Clear;
memo3.Clear;
memo4.Clear;
for i:=0 to 3 do begin
memo1.Lines[0]:=memo1.Lines[0]+' '+floattostr(tt[i]);
memo2.Lines[0]:=memo2.Lines[0]+' '+floattostr(al[i]);
series1.AddXY(tt[i],1-al[i],'');
series2.AddXY(tt[i],Ln(1-al[i]),'')
end;
k:= abs(ln(1-al[3])-ln(1-al[1]))/(tt[3]-tt[1]);
edit2.Text:=floattostr(k);
n:=100*(ln(al[3])-ln(al[1]))/((ln((1-al[1])/(1-al[3])))*(tt[3]-tt[1]));
//n:=(ln((1-al[1])/(1-al[3]))+(ln(tt[1]/tt[3])))/(ln((1-al[3])/(1-al[1])));
edit3.Text:=floattostr(n);
memo3.Lines[0]:=' - , - ';
memo4.Lines[0]:=' -Ln(1-al[i]), - 1-al[i] ';
end;
procedure TForm1.Button2Click(Sender: TObject);
begin
edit1.Text:='';
edit4.text:='';
end;
procedure TForm1.Button3Click(Sender: TObject);
|
|
begin
series3.Clear;
series4.Clear;
end;
procedure TForm1.Button1Click(Sender: TObject);
begin
c:=strtofloat(edit1.text);
dt:=strtofloat(edit4.text);
t:=0;
while c>0.001 do begin
series3.AddXY(t,c,'');
t:=t+dt;
c:=c-k*power(c,n)*dt;
end;
c:=strtofloat(edit1.text);
for i:=0 to 3 do
series4.AddXY(tt[i],c*(1-al[i]),'');
end;
end.
. 27 .
. 28 (k) (n)
. 29 ,
. 30 .
. 31 ,
. 32 .
, , .., .. - . (., , 1984) [1] . , . . . . ., . .. (., , 1988) [13].
, . .
aA + bB Û cC
cC aA bB = 0
, b, , .
. (u) (ni), (dt) (dV). :
ui =
i V Ci:
:
ui
aA + bBÛcC uA . . a b . ( ), , ( ), .. a=a, b=b.
, , . , . k . :
k0 , T , E - , R .
|
|
, , ( ) . , , . , H2 + 2NO N2O + H2O NO , H2, :
.
, , .. . , , a b .
1. , ().
1 , , , . .
¾ , : (0), /3, (0), /3, 1 2. (t), (t) 50%- 80%- .
(1) : (2). (1) (2) .
, (t). 50%- 80%- : .
2 - : , (0), (0), (0), /3 k1, k2, -1. (t), , , . : - ; - ; - . , , : max = (0) max = C(0) + C(0) + (0). , , max< (0) + (0).
max tBmax, . max , max = (0)×g1/(1-g), g = 1/2 (0)=0.
3 (t) (t), : (0) (0), /3 k1 k2, -1. (t) (t), . : - , - . , : (0)>(0) k1<k2, k1=k2, k1>k2; CA(0)=(0) k1<k2, k1=k2, k1>k2; CA(0)<CB(0) k1<k2, k1=k2, k1>k2. ( , (0) + (0) = const , kp = k1/k2 = CB(¥)/CA(¥).
|
|
2. , .
4 , : (0) (0), /3, , 3/(×). (t), CB(t), CD(t); 50%- . :
, - , D - . (t), CB(t), CD(t) , (t) 50%- .
5 : , : (0), (0), D(0) /3; 1, 2 3/(×). CA(t), CB(t), CD(t) , D. : - , - , D - . , D , , .. ( . = D .) £ 0.5 (0).
6 - - . , . : CD = 0.2, Cp =0.3 /3; 1 = 5×10-3, 2 = 2×10-3 3/(×).
CD(t), CP(t), CA(t), CB(t).
7 , : 2 = 3×10-4 -1. . : D - , - , - , - .
: - , - . , , .
3. .
, . () .
8 + , , : , , , , :
, 50 55 60 65 70 72.5 78 84
, -1 1.4 1.6 2.2 3.0 4.0 4.7 7.2 9.4
|
|
, , dCA/dt = -k(T)CA(t). () . : . : , cV = (cACA + cBCB + cCCC)V. V , , i V. , V , cV = (cA + cB + cC)/3. : ()
() ( / , ). , () , , , : l, S, x. : ().
: (). () () (). () () , , . S, l, x.
. , , . =const, , dT/dt=0, k(t)=const () : . , . , , , x : x .
-
- . - , . - . : , , , , . - , . . - ( ). , ( ). , , - , . , ( ). , .
. u dN (, ) dt G.
S: .
, . . , , . . , , . , ( ) . , , ( ) ( ). , , .. . . . ra , : . rd : . , .. , ra=rd, : . = /( + 1) =/ .
|
|
- q = /, . q : q = /(1 + ). n , ra rd n ,
()
, , . , , . , ( ) :
q = / (1 + + ) () q = / (1 + + ) ()
, (), . , () () :
()
().
, , , ()-() . , : , .
, , + . :
W = kqAqB = kKAKBPAPB / (1 + KAPA + KBPB + KMPM)2.
, .
, . , , . (). , , << 1, () : . : W = kFPA / (1 + KPPP), kF = kKA . (), : W = kFPA / (KAPA + KPPP). << 1 << . , : W = kFPA / (PPP). , , , : . (2H2 + HCl C2H3Cl): . ( ), . , . , - : W = kPaA×PbB××PmM, a,b,m . , , : . . , , .
, , .. , . ; .
9 . , : 2 NO + O2 2 NO2. : 2NOÛ 2NOÛ (NO)2 (NO)2 + O2 N2O4 Û 2NO2 2NO2 Û 2NO2 . . . :
().
, =1.1×109 3/(2××), NO=1.9×108 2/2, =0.26 ×104 /. =200; , , %(.): NO(0)=1, (0)=5, (0)=0. . , . , , , / = 4.47×10-4 , %(.). , :
CNO(0)=(273/(273+200))×4.47×10-4×1=2.56×10-4 /
=(273/(273+200))×4.47×10-4×5=12.8×10-4 /.
(). NO . : CNO(t) = CNO(0) - (t), = - 0.5 (t).
. : , . , , .
. , . , , . , . , . , , . , , , .
(, , ). , D :
- ()
-
, ()
ie i- ; ip ( ) i- ; tn, tk , .
() ( ), () . , D, . D . , .
1. .
2. ( ).
3. .
4. .
10 , , (). :
t, C 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
C, /3 1 0.6 0.39 0.24 0.15 0.10 0.06 0.03 0.015
k(t) CA(t). t1 £ t £ t2 (t1 = 0, t2 = 70 c) k=Const , , . t2 < t £ t3 (t2=70 c, t3=100 c) . , . , t1£ t £ t2 () k=0.45.
11 , - (), =3×10-3 0.4/(0.4×), n=1.4, (0)=0.2 /. () ().
() () : . ( ?) ђ(0) /(×), ђ(0) = -n(0) =-3×10-3(0.2)1.4 = -3.15×10-4.
12 990 :
, 30 53 100
, % 32 50 73
n k . : , , , ,.
() : = 0(1-x), 0 . : (*). x : - (-x = (1-x) 1). ( 2.1×10-4 -1.
13 ( ).
;
1 :
;
u , k , T- , m , dN/du , .. , u (u + du).
. , : L , M=mL, R=kL, 8.31441 .(×), m/k M/R.
() , , (, 300, 28, 200 / 9.58969264×10-4 /(/), 2 . 2 .)
14 .
- . , , k=Cp/Cv (- ).
;
: w , R , T , p , p0 , M , k9 , , Cp Cv, k9=(k-1)/k.
=293, 28.96, =1.402, =1.2, 0 =2.4, 325.204413 /.
15 -.
- , . f(x) x=[a,b]. , , . -: . , , . f(x,y) (x,y), , . : f(x,y,z)=x2 + y2 + z2. ( ). .
, , , .. .
16 .
, , q, . , , , , . , (CV) q, q/T. q/ = z,
.
CV 3R. .
17 .
, . . , :
PV = RT + B(T)P
() :
B(T) = (PV)/P.
() . /. . , EP(r). . EP , . -:
,
r ; s - , ; x - ; n , ( 6); m , ( 12).
K(r) :
.
() :
.
- .
18 CV :
q/T | 0.01 | 0.1 | 0.5 | ||||
CV |
CV ( 375 ).
19 CV, :
CV . DU .
20 () :
DH, DS (, 78 532 ).
21 , : ,
t , k . k :
( 300 )
,
TE , q , . :
.
:
,
:
.
, [A]0, Ea, k0, TE, q, t.
22 f p T, , --:
,
-- :
.
, .
/(2×-2) | 100b/(×-1) | |
18.00 | 1.154 | |
Xe | 4.194 | 5.105 |
H2O | 5.464 | 3.049 |
CO2 | 3.592 | 4.261 |
23 . , . w(x): . N, , :
. : .
; |-| - . .
, :
Û + + - (1)
2 Û + + - (2)
(3) - ; (4) - .
- , :
[]o = [HA] + [A-] (5) .
, : [H+] = [A-] + [OH-] (6) . [HA], (3), (5), (7).
-, (4), (6), - : (8)
(8) (7), , , :
.
: log10(x) = ln(x)/ln(10).
24 , , () .
25 , , .
26 , . . :
Û + + -
2 Û + + -
Û + + - ( ).
, :
HClÛH+ + Cl-
;
.
- , :
[HA]o + [KA]o = [HA] + [A-] ;
[KA]o = [K+] :
[H+] + [K+] = [A-] + [OH-] + [Cl-]. , : . -, , . , , : .
, , , , :
.
: 1 /. 1.85×10-5, 1×10-14. , . .
27 .
28 .
29 2, : . , : . (, =0.01 =0.001).
30 : . , :
; [A]o, [B]o ( ) ; t ; x : [A]=[A]o x [B]=[B]o + x. 1. , t. 2.
31 : , kB , h .
- DS# (, -11.8 /(×)) D# (, 25000 /). , (, 0.001 1/). , . , . : . , .
Ea = DH# + RT.
-.
(, ) . ( ) :
, Nt t; No 0;