: , .
:
N - ;
Z - ;
Q - ;
- ;
R - ;
- .
̳ :
N Ì Z Ì Q Ì R Ì C.
: , :
1) Ì B;
2) , , ;
3) , ;
4) , 䳺 1) 3).
N .
: (1858-1932) , , , ' , . , .
1. 1, ( 1).
2. ( ).
3. ( ).
4. . Ì N. :
1) 1 Î ; ( )
2) - Î 1, .
, N = { 1, 2, 3, 4,...}.
:
1. 2+4+6+..+ 2 = (+1) ( );
2. 1+3+5+..+ 2 -1 = 2 ( );
3. 1+2+3+4+..+ = ( );
4. 12+22+32+42+..+ 2 = ( );
5. 1∙2 + 3∙2 + 3∙4 + 4∙5 + 5∙6 + + ( + 1) = ;
6. 13+23+33+43+..+ 3 = ( );
7. 14+24+34+44+..+ 4 = ( );
8. 15+25+35+45+..+ 5 = ( );
9. 16+26+36+46+..+ 6 = ( )
10. 17+27+37+47+..+ 7 = ( );
11. 18+28+38+48+..+ 8 = ( );
12. 19+29+39+49+..+ 9 = ( ).
. N , , ' .
1. N , 1. ( ).
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2. n N n+ , n. ( , . 1 "" 2, 2 "" 3 . . ' .)
3. N.
4. N , .
5. , N . ( 5- , .)
³
. m , , n,
m = + n.
, , m.
, , :
m > m ,
< m , m.
³ :
1)
: , ,
, , ;
2) m> >n, m>n, , , , , , , ;
3) m > , m+n > +n, , ;
4) m > , mn > n , .
. , , "", 쳭 >() <().
() , () () .
.
1. n <, m , n, n < m.
, , : min
n = min m;
mÎ
2. n <, m , n, m < n.
, , : m
n = max m;
mÎ
. (. 2). , , - , .
. - , , .
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- , , .
.
n k , , n, , n k. . C .
:
2, a: 2 ;
3, (an+an-1 + + a): 3
3;
4, a1a: 4 ,
a, 4;
5, a = 0 a = 5
a 0 5;
6, 2 3 ;
7, :
7;
8, : 8 , a, 8;
9, (an+an-1 + + a): 9
a 9;
10, a = 0 a ;
11, (an-an-1 + +a - a-1 + - a1 + a): 11 11;
12, 3 4;
13, :
13.
. , > 1 , 1 .
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. .
( ).
, 1, 2,..., pn . , , 1, 2,..., n.
(1∙p2 ∙∙pn + 1) . .
:
1 , .
2 , ,
3 , , .
. .
. n > 1 .
.
n > 1 :
,
p1, p2,..., pk , - .
.
.
1) b , b .
2) b , , b .
3) b, , b.
. 1) 1, 2,..., n d, , a1 : d, 2: d,..., n: d.
2) 1, 2,..., n 1, 2,..., n, .
: d = (1, 2,..., n).
b , . , , b.
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. ,
. 1, 2,..., n, , , .
: m =[ 1, 2,..., n ].
b ,
ʳ
. n :
,
n :
(a1 + 1) ∙ (a2 + 1) ∙∙ (ak+ 1).
, . N , , Z. Z = N È {0, -1, -2,...} 䒺 ( 䒺 , ( ) ( ): Z ={...-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3,...}, , Z , , ( 䒺 ).
. ' 䳿 , , , . : .
, , .
( , .
. - b > 0 q r, ,
= bq + r, 0 £ r < | b |.
: ֳ , b , q ( 䳿 ), r : b.
: b , , , :b ). :b , z , = z∙b.
. , 0, 1.
. - , 0.
: 0∙b = 0 . : 0∙0 = 0, 0:b = 0.
. q r .
. .
1. , ( ), - .
:
-1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10 = -55
+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10=+55=55.
2. , , , .
:
+ 3 -5 = -2,
-7 + 9 = +2 = 2,
+20 -9 = + 11 = 11.
. .
. (-1,5) + (+1,5) = 0.
. , : + 0 = 0 + = .
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: 볭: , . . ' , 2 .
. d s, ,
d + = s.
. ֳ 䳿 = s d.
:
d ,
,
: , n m , . , , . :
(2);
(2+1).
. q r .
. . , 䒺. - . ( , , , )
. , 䳿: , , .
, , , , . , .
, , ' , , ' .
, .
a∙b = b∙a, - .
(a∙b)∙c = (c∙b)∙a .
(ab)∙c = c∙ac∙b .
- :
∙∙.∙ = n.
. - ' , _ '.
. . (-5)2 : ̳ .
. (-5)3 : ̳ .
.
. .
00 .
䒺 - , , .
-n = 1/(a∙a∙.∙a) = 1/an.
. 䒺 .
0-6 .
:
1. an ∙bn = (a∙b)n;
2. (an)n = an∙n;
3. (an)m = (am)n = an∙m;
4. an :bn = (a:b)n;
5. an /am = an-m;
6. an ∙am = an+m;
7. (a/b)n = (b/a)-n;
8. 1n = (-1)2k = 1;
9. - 1n = (-1)2k-1 = -1;
10. a-m = (1/a)m.
. b ( , , , :b ) b c , .
. , .
. b b , ∙ b .
, :
b( b)=2
n(n+1)= 2, , ;
(n+2)(n+1)n = 3, , 3 ;
(n-1)n(n+1) = 6, , 6 ;
(n-1)n(n+1)(n+2) = 24, , 6 ;
(n-2)(n-1)n(n+1)(n+2) = 2∙3∙4∙5=120, , 120 .
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, .
:
:
(), ().
:
2∙n + 2∙k + + 2∙f + 2∙q = 2∙(n + k + + f + q) = 2∙m
-ί ʲҲ .
2∙n 2∙k 2∙f 2∙q = 2∙(n k f q) = 2∙m
в -ί ʲҲ .
(2∙n -1)+ (2∙k-1)+ + (2∙f-1) + (2∙q-1) = 2∙(n + k + + f + q)- 2s = 2∙(m-s)
ί ʲҲ .
(2∙n -1)+ (2∙k-1)+ + (2∙f-1) + (2∙q-1) = 2∙(n + k + + f + q)- 2s -1 = 2∙(m-s) - 1
ί ʲҲ .
, , . , - .
.
. , , , .
вͲ ² .
. .
: , , ?
³: . .
.
0,5555. = 0,(5) = 5:9 = 5/9;
0,3333. = 0,(3) = 1:3 = 3/9 = 1/3;
0,6666. = 0,(6) = 2: 3 = 6/9 = 2/3;
0,142857142857142857. = 0,(142857) = 1:7 = 1/7 = 142857 / 999999;
0,4545454545 = 0,(45) = 5:11 = 45/99 = 5:11 = 5/11;
0,615384615384615384 = 0,(615384) = 8:13 = 8/13 = 615384 / 999999.
: , 10, 100, 1000, 볅, ?
³: . .
:
0, 5 = 1:2 =1/2 = 5/10;
0, 25 = 1:4 =1/4 = 25/100;
0, 3 = 3:10 = 3/10;
0,125 = 1:8 = 1/8 = 125/1000;
0,05 = 1:20 = 1/20 = 5/100.
: , ?
³: . .
:
3,1415926535897932384626433832795 = π ( , );
2,71828182 = ( , (1+1/), → ∞);
1,4142135623730950488016887242097 = 20,5 ( , ).
: ?
³: -
a/b = a:b,
, , 䳿 . ,
b N, (, b ≠ 0, ),
Z ( , , 䒺 , ).
: ?
³: . .
: ?
: .
³: , 3 11, 0,272727..., 2 7 . 27.
3,14159....
: ?
³: .
, , :
12,363636...
̳ , , , :
0,07464646...
:
3,2666... 3,2(6),
0,424242... 0, (42), 42 .
: ?
³: , , 2 5.
: ?
³: , ' .
: ?
³: 2 5, , 2 5 , .
. 5/33 , 33 2, 5. 11/12 , 12 2.
,
5/33 = 5:33 = 0,15151515 = 0,(15);
11/12 = 11: 12 = 0,91666666 = 0,91(6).
: ?
³: , , , ', .
.
0,(8) = 8/9;
0,(84) = 84/99;
0,(876) = 876/999;
0,(8456) = 8456/9999;
15,(37)= 15 + 37/99
12,(352)= 12 + 352/999.
: ?
³: , , , , , , , ', , , .
.
0,8(57) = (857 8) / 990 = 849 / 990
6,7(4) = 6 + (74 7)/90 = 6 + 67/90.
ij
.
nam=an+m; n:am=an-m; (n)m=anm; 0=1; -n=1:an; =0,5a0,5=1a1 =(a0,5)2;
(ab)m = ambm; a mb m =(ab)-m; am:bm = (a:b)m = b m a m =(b:a) m
г
a2 + b2 .
a2 b2 = (a b)(a + b) .
г
3 b3 = (a b)(a2 + b + b2) .
3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 b + b2) c .
г
4 b4 = (a b)(a3 + 2b + b2 + b3) = (a b)(a + b)(a2 + b2);
4 + b4 - .
5 b5= (a b)(a4+ 3b + 2b2 + b3 + b4);
5 + b5= (a+b)(a4 3b + 2b2 b3 + b4);
a2m + b2m - .
n bn = (ab)(an-1+ n-2b + n-3b2 + + 2bn-3 + bn-2 + bn-1);
b =1, n 1= (a1)(an-1+n-2 + n-3 + +2 + + 1);
.
(ab)0 = 1; (ab)1 = ab; 1:an (1:bn) =a-nb-n=(ab)-n(an bn) =a-n b-n
:
(a + b)2 =(b + a)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 .
(a b)2 =(b a)2 = a2 2ab + b2 .
:
(a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3 ;
(a b)3 = a3 3a2b + 3ab2 b3 ;
:
(ab)4 = a44a3b +6a2b2 4ab2 + b4;
(ab)5 = a55a4b +10a3b2 10a2b3 +5ab4 b5;
(ab)6= a66a5b +15a4b2 20a3b3 +15a2b4 6ab5 +b6.
n: n + bn = (a+b)(an-1-n-2 b + n-3b2 - +2bn-3 - bn-2 + bn-1);
b =1, a2n+1 + 1= (a+1)(an-1- n-2 - n-3 + +2 - + 1);
.
3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc = (a+b+c)(a2 + b2 +c2 bbcac);
(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2b + 2bc +2ac;