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: , .

:

N - ;

Z - ;

Q - ;

- ;

R - ;

- .

̳ :

N Ì Z Ì Q Ì R Ì C.

 

 

: , :

1) Ì B;

2) , , ;

3) , ;

4) , 䳺 1) 3).

N .

: (1858-1932) , , , ' , . , .

 

1. 1, ( 1).

2. ( ).

3. ( ).

4. . Ì N. :

1) 1 Î ; ( )

2) - Î 1, .

, N = { 1, 2, 3, 4,...}.

:

1. 2+4+6+..+ 2 = (+1) ( );

2. 1+3+5+..+ 2 -1 = 2 ( );

3. 1+2+3+4+..+ = ( );

4. 12+22+32+42+..+ 2 = ( );

5. 1∙2 + 3∙2 + 3∙4 + 4∙5 + 5∙6 + + ( + 1) = ;

6. 13+23+33+43+..+ 3 = ( );

7. 14+24+34+44+..+ 4 = ( );

8. 15+25+35+45+..+ 5 = ( );

9. 16+26+36+46+..+ 6 = ( )

10. 17+27+37+47+..+ 7 = ( );

11. 18+28+38+48+..+ 8 = ( );

12. 19+29+39+49+..+ 9 = ( ).

 

. N , , ' .

1. N , 1. ( ).

2. n N n+ , n. ( , . 1 "" 2, 2 "" 3 . . ' .)

3. N.

4. N , .

5. , N . ( 5- , .)

³

. m , , n,

m = + n.

, , m.

, , :

m > m ,

< m , m.

 

³ :

1)
: , ,
, , ;

2) m> >n, m>n, , , , , , , ;

3) m > , m+n > +n, , ;

4) m > , mn > n , .

. , , "", 쳭 >() <().

() , () () .

.

1. n <, m , n, n < m.

, , : min

n = min m;

2. n <, m , n, m < n.

, , : m

n = max m;

 

. (. 2). , , - , .

. - , , .

- , , .

.

n k , , n, , n k. . C .

:

2, a: 2 ;

3, (an+an-1 + + a): 3
3;

4, a1a: 4 ,
a, 4;

5, a = 0 a = 5
a 0 5;

6, 2 3 ;

7, :

7;

8, : 8 , a, 8;

9, (an+an-1 + + a): 9

a 9;

10, a = 0 a ;

11, (an-an-1 + +a - a-1 + - a1 + a): 11 11;

12, 3 4;

13, :

13.

. , > 1 , 1 .

:2, 3, 5, 7 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 47, 53, 57, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 101, 103, , 1987, 1993, 1997, 1999, 2003, 2011, 2017, 2027, 2029, 2039, 2053, 2063, 2069, 2081, 2083, 2089, 2099,

. .

( ).

, 1, 2,..., pn . , , 1, 2,..., n.

(1∙p2 ∙∙pn + 1) . .

:

1 , .

2 , ,

3 , , .

. .

. n > 1 .

.

n > 1 :

,

p1, p2,..., pk , - .

.

.

1) b , b .

2) b , , b .

3) b, , b.

. 1) 1, 2,..., n d, , a1 : d, 2: d,..., n: d.

2) 1, 2,..., n 1, 2,..., n, .

: d = (1, 2,..., n).

b , . , , b.

. ,

. 1, 2,..., n, , , .

: m =[ 1, 2,..., n ].

b ,

ʳ

. n :

,

n :

(a1 + 1) ∙ (a2 + 1) ∙∙ (ak+ 1).

, . N , , Z. Z = N È {0, -1, -2,...} 䒺 ( 䒺 , ( ) ( ): Z ={...-3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3,...}, , Z , , ( 䒺 ).

. ' 䳿 , , , . : .

, , .

( , .

. - b > 0 q r, ,

= bq + r, 0 £ r < | b |.

: ֳ , b , q ( 䳿 ), r : b.

: b , , , :b ). :b , z , = z∙b.

. , 0, 1.

. - , 0.

: 0∙b = 0 . : 0∙0 = 0, 0:b = 0.

. q r .

. .

1. , ( ), - .

:

-1-2-3-4-5-6-7-8-9-10 = -55

+1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10=+55=55.

2. , , , .

:

+ 3 -5 = -2,

-7 + 9 = +2 = 2,

+20 -9 = + 11 = 11.

. .

. (-1,5) + (+1,5) = 0.

. , : + 0 = 0 + = .

.

: 볭: , . . ' , 2 .

. d s, ,

d + = s.

. ֳ 䳿 = s d.

:

d ,

,

: , n m , . , , . :

(2);

(2+1).

. q r .

. . , 䒺. - . ( , , , )

. , 䳿: , , .

, , , , . , .

, , ' , , ' .

, .

a∙b = b∙a, - .

(a∙b)∙c = (c∙b)∙a .

(ab)∙c = c∙ac∙b .

- :

∙∙.∙ = n.

. - ' , _ '.

. . (-5)2 : ̳ .

. (-5)3 : ̳ ᳻.

.

. .

00 .

䒺 - , , .

-n = 1/(a∙a∙.∙a) = 1/an.

 

. 䒺 .

0-6 .

:

1. an ∙bn = (a∙b)n;

2. (an)n = an∙n;

3. (an)m = (am)n = an∙m;

4. an :bn = (a:b)n;

5. an /am = an-m;

6. an ∙am = an+m;

7. (a/b)n = (b/a)-n;

8. 1n = (-1)2k = 1;

9. - 1n = (-1)2k-1 = -1;

10. a-m = (1/a)m.

. b ( , , , :b ) b c , .

. , .

. b b , ∙ b .

, :

b( b)=2

n(n+1)= 2, , ;

(n+2)(n+1)n = 3, , 3 ;

(n-1)n(n+1) = 6, , 6 ;

(n-1)n(n+1)(n+2) = 24, , 6 ;

(n-2)(n-1)n(n+1)(n+2) = 2∙3∙4∙5=120, , 120 .

, .

:

:

(), ().

:

2∙n + 2∙k + + 2∙f + 2∙q = 2∙(n + k + + f + q) = 2∙m

-ί ʲҲ .

2∙n 2∙k 2∙f 2∙q = 2∙(n k f q) = 2∙m

в -ί ʲҲ .

(2∙n -1)+ (2∙k-1)+ + (2∙f-1) + (2∙q-1) = 2∙(n + k + + f + q)- 2s = 2∙(m-s)

ί ʲҲ .

(2∙n -1)+ (2∙k-1)+ + (2∙f-1) + (2∙q-1) = 2∙(n + k + + f + q)- 2s -1 = 2∙(m-s) - 1

ί ʲҲ .

, , . , - .

.

. , , , .

вͲ ² .

 

. .

: , , ?

³: . .

.

0,5555. = 0,(5) = 5:9 = 5/9;

0,3333. = 0,(3) = 1:3 = 3/9 = 1/3;

0,6666. = 0,(6) = 2: 3 = 6/9 = 2/3;

0,142857142857142857. = 0,(142857) = 1:7 = 1/7 = 142857 / 999999;

0,4545454545 = 0,(45) = 5:11 = 45/99 = 5:11 = 5/11;

0,615384615384615384 = 0,(615384) = 8:13 = 8/13 = 615384 / 999999.

 

: , 10, 100, 1000, 볅, ?

³: . .

 

:

0, 5 = 1:2 =1/2 = 5/10;

0, 25 = 1:4 =1/4 = 25/100;

0, 3 = 3:10 = 3/10;

0,125 = 1:8 = 1/8 = 125/1000;

0,05 = 1:20 = 1/20 = 5/100.

 

: , ?

³: . .

:

3,1415926535897932384626433832795 = π ( , );

2,71828182 = ( , (1+1/), → ∞);

1,4142135623730950488016887242097 = 20,5 ( , ).

 

: ?

³: -

a/b = a:b,

, , 䳿 . ,

b N, (, b ≠ 0, ),

Z ( , , 䒺 , ).

: ?

³: . .

: ?

: .

³: , 3 11, 0,272727..., 2 7 . 27.

3,14159....

: ?

³: .

, , :

12,363636...

̳ , , , :

0,07464646...

:

3,2666... 3,2(6),

0,424242... 0, (42), 42 .

 

: ?

³: , , 2 5.

: ?

³: , ' .

: ?

³: 2 5, , 2 5 , .

. 5/33 , 33 2, 5. 11/12 , 12 2.

,

5/33 = 5:33 = 0,15151515 = 0,(15);

11/12 = 11: 12 = 0,91666666 = 0,91(6).

 

: ?

³: , , , ', .

.

0,(8) = 8/9;

0,(84) = 84/99;

0,(876) = 876/999;

0,(8456) = 8456/9999;

15,(37)= 15 + 37/99

12,(352)= 12 + 352/999.

: ?

³: , , , , , , , ', , , .

.

0,8(57) = (857 8) / 990 = 849 / 990

6,7(4) = 6 + (74 7)/90 = 6 + 67/90.

ij

 

.

nam=an+m; n:am=an-m; (n)m=anm; 0=1; -n=1:an; =0,5a0,5=1a1 =(a0,5)2;

(ab)m = ambm; a mb m =(ab)-m; am:bm = (a:b)m = b m a m =(b:a) m

 

г

a2 + b2 .

a2 b2 = (a b)(a + b) .

г

3 b3 = (a b)(a2 + b + b2) .

3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 b + b2) c .

г

4 b4 = (a b)(a3 + 2b + b2 + b3) = (a b)(a + b)(a2 + b2);

4 + b4 - .

5 b5= (a b)(a4+ 3b + 2b2 + b3 + b4);

5 + b5= (a+b)(a4 3b + 2b2 b3 + b4);

a2m + b2m - .

n bn = (ab)(an-1+ n-2b + n-3b2 + + 2bn-3 + bn-2 + bn-1);

b =1, n 1= (a1)(an-1+n-2 + n-3 + +2 + + 1);

.

(ab)0 = 1; (ab)1 = ab; 1:an (1:bn) =a-nb-n=(ab)-n(an bn) =a-n b-n

:

(a + b)2 =(b + a)2 = a2 + 2ab + b2 .

(a b)2 =(b a)2 = a2 2ab + b2 .

:

(a + b)3 = a3 + 3a2b + 3ab2 + b3 ;

(a b)3 = a3 3a2b + 3ab2 b3 ;

:

(ab)4 = a44a3b +6a2b2 4ab2 + b4;

(ab)5 = a55a4b +10a3b2 10a2b3 +5ab4 b5;

(ab)6= a66a5b +15a4b2 20a3b3 +15a2b4 6ab5 +b6.

n: n + bn = (a+b)(an-1-n-2 b + n-3b2 - +2bn-3 - bn-2 + bn-1);

b =1, a2n+1 + 1= (a+1)(an-1- n-2 - n-3 + +2 - + 1);

.

3 + b3 + c3 - 3abc = (a+b+c)(a2 + b2 +c2 bbcac);

(a + b + c)2 = a2 + b2 + c2 + 2b + 2bc +2ac;





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