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Db Dubnium [Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d3

 

105 : , . . , 105 , , .

 

Br( , 5n) Db .

 

106-107.

 

Sg Seaborgium [Rn] 7s2 5f14

 

 

. , - . 106 107:

 

7.10-3 .

 

Bh Bohrium [Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d5

 


Hs Hassium [Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d6

 

Element 108, Hassium Hassium (symbol Hs) was discovered almost simultaneously in 1984 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna and Institute for Heavy Ion Research (Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung) in Darmstadt, Germany. The temporary name for this element offered by IUPAC was Unniloctium (symbol Uno). The name Hahnium (symbol Ha), after Otto Hahn proposed in August 1994. However, finally the final name Hassium was ratified by the IUPAC Council meeting in Geneva in August 1997 and internationally accepted in the honor of the state Hessen (capital Wiesbaden) - German state where Institute for Heavy Ion Research is located.

 

Mt Meitnerium [Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d7

 

The element 109, Meitnerium (symbol Mt) was synthesized in 1982 by Gottfried Munzenberg, Peter Armbruster with coworkers at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research (Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung) in Darmstadt, Germany and named after Lise Meitner, the Austrian physicist. at the beginning, the name Unnilennium (symbol Une) was recommended, but in 1997, however, the name Meitnerium was accepted.

 

Ds Darmstadtium [Rn] 7s1 5f14 6d9

The date and time of element 110, Darmstadtium (symbol Dm) discovery is November 9, 1994 in 16:39 at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research (Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung, GSI) in Darmstadt, Germany. The only one atom was produced at the beginning.

The discovered isotope mass number was 269 (269 times heavier than hydrogen atom). It was produced by fusion of nickel and lead atoms accelerated in UNILAC accelerator of GSI. Only one atom of Darmstadtium was prepared during very long time after fusion of billions of nickel and lead atoms. IUPAC confirmed the discovery in 2001. The trivial name proposed by IUPAC was Uununnilium (symbol Uun). Nonofficial names for this element are eka-platinum, because of the belonging to the platinum group and policium, because of the Germany police number 110.

 

Rg Roentgenium [Rn] 7s1 5f14 6d10

 

The element 111 Roentgenium (symbol Rg) had been discovered 8th December 1994. The original name was Unununium (symbol Uuu). In accordance with the procedures established by IUPAC for the naming of elements, the name Roentgenium and the symbol Rg has been proposed for this noble metal analogous to copper, silver and gold in honour of famous scientists, Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen, the X-rays discoverer. The priority of the first preparing was granted by IUPAC to Sigurd Hofmann, et al at Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany.

 

Uub Ununbium [Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d10

 

The element 112, Ununbium (symbol Uub), also known as eka-mercury was synthesized on 9th February 1996 at 22:37 at SHIP, Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt, Germany. The name Ununbium is a systematic IUPAC name for this element, which should be changed sooner or latter. In the first experiment only two nuclei of Ununbium-277 were synthesized by bombarding of the lead target by accelerated in a heavy ion accelerator zinc ions.

Subsequntly, Ununbium was synthesized in Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia. In 2006, in Dubna, another isotope Ununbium-282 was synthesized via series of -decays.

 

Uut Ununtrium [Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p1

 

The synthesis of chemical elements 113, Ununtrium and element 115, Ununpentium were reported on February 2004 by scientist from Flerov Laboratory of Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (Dubna) and Lawrence Livermote National Laboratory (Livermore, California). Japanese scientist from RIKEN (Japan) carried out another pathway for Ununtrium synthesis.

The name Ununtrium (symbol Uut)is a temporary IUPAC systematic chemical element name. This name will be changes in future. Because Japanese scientists were carried out some research of this element, they proposed names Japonium (symbol Jp) and Rikenium (symbol Rk).

 

Uuq Ununquadium [Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p2

 

The element 114, Ununquadium, Uuq, was discovered and reported December 1998 - January 1999 by scientists from the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia with materials from scientists at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA. In 2004 Ununquadium was synthesized by another pathway the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia. The name Ununquadium (symbol Uuq) is a temporary IUPAC systematic chemical element name for element 114. This name will be changes in future. Another temporary name for this element is eka-lead, due to predicted similarities between Ununquadium and Lead.

, 1925 . . , , , , - . .

C , 114 ( Z=114 N=184).

() (). 238, -248, -254 -48. 114- 1999 -48 -244.

244Pu + 48Ca 288114 + 4 n

 

, , 3-4 , - 110 .

 

Uup Ununpentium [Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p3

 

The element 115, Ununpentium, Uup was synthesized in summer 2003 at the U400 cyclotron with the Dubna gas-filled recoil separator, at the Flerov Laboratory of Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia (Yu. Ts. Oganessian et al.) with subsequent publishing only in February 2004.

The name Ununpentium (symbol Uup) is a temporary IUPAC systematic chemical element name for element 115. This name will be changes in future. Another temporary name for this element is eka-bismuth.

 

Uuh Ununhexium [Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p4

 

The element 116, Ununhexium, Uuh was synthesized in 2000, at the Flerov Laboratory of Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia (Yu. Ts. Oganessian et al.) with subsequent publishing only in February 2004.

The name Ununhexium (symbol Uuh) is a temporary IUPAC systematic chemical element name for element 116. This name will be changes in future. Another name used for the element 116 is eka-polonium. 116 Cm-248 Ca48. 2000 116- . 0,05 116 114 - 110 , .

 

Uus Ununseptium [Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p5

 

The element 117, Ununseptium, Uus has not been discovered yet. Currently this scheme of synthesis of the element 117 is under development at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research,

The name Ununseptium (symbol Uus) is a temporary IUPAC systematic chemical element name for element 117. Another name used for the element 117 is eka-astatine.

Ununseptium Neighbours

 

Uuo Ununoctium [Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p6

 

First synthesis of the element 118, Ununoctium, Uuo, was published in 1999 by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in Calif, but further analysis of this results reveals some fraud in their studies. The first proven synthesis of Ununoctium was carried out at the Flerov Laboratory at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Russia and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in the USA. Only one atom in 2002 and two atoms of Ununoctium-294 in 2005 were synthesized, but results were published only on October 2006 (Yu. Ts. Oganessian, "Synthesis and decay properties of superheavy elements", Pure Appl. Chem., 2006, 78, 889-904), (Yu. Ts. Oganessian et al., "Synthesis of the isotopes of elements 118 and 116 in the 249 Cf and 245 Cm +48 Ca fusion reactions", Phys. Rev. C, 2006, 74, 044602). The synthesis of Ununoctinum was verified by the analysis of independently created element 116, Ununhexium, which displays the same decay pattern as a decay products of Ununoctinum.

The name Ununoctium (symbol Uuo) is a temporary IUPAC systematic chemical element name for element 118. Another name used for the element 118 is eka-radon

. . , , 112-118 , 80-86 . 112-118 .

? , , . , , . , , . . , .

, , - , . , . , .

110-114

94Pu, 95Am, 96Cm, 97B, 98Cf, -20, -26 -30.

.

: . , .

- .

. .

Sg Seaborgium [Rn] 7s2 5f14

Element 106 was discovered almost simultaneously by two different laboratories: in June 1974, an American research team led by Albert Ghiorso by Albert Ghiorso and Glenn T. Seaborg with coworkers at the Berkeley Laboratory of the University of California synthesized an isotope with mass number 263, and in September 1974, a Soviet team led by G. N. Flerov at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna reported producing an isotope with mass number 259. The preliminary systematic name given by IUPAC was Unnilhexium (symbol Unh). The name Seaborgium (symbol Sg) in honor the American chemist G.T. Seaborg was confirmed by IUPAC for the element 106.

 

 

. , - . 106 107:

 

7.10-3 .

 

Bh Bohrium [Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d5

 

Hs Hassium [Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d6

 

The first experiments were started in 1976 by a Soviet team led by Y. Oganessian at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna, who produced isotope Bohrium-261 (symbol Bh) by bombarding Bismuth-204 with heavy nuclei of Chromium-54. In this experiment the was performed by bombarding of the fast rotating cylinder coated by a thin layer of Bismuth-204 by a tangentially directed stream of Chromium-54 ions.

This element was confirmed in 1981 by at the Heavy Ion Research Laboratory at Darmstadt. The canonic name according IUPAC nomenclature is Unnilseptium (symbol Uns). German scientists have offered name Nielsbohrium (symbol Ns) and after some corrections the final name Bohrium (symbol Bh) was accepted.

Element 108, Hassium Hassium (symbol Hs) was discovered almost simultaneously in 1984 at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research at Dubna and Institute for Heavy Ion Research (Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung) in Darmstadt, Germany. The temporary name for this element offered by IUPAC was Unniloctium (symbol Uno). The name Hahnium (symbol Ha), after Otto Hahn proposed in August 1994. However, finally the final name Hassium was ratified by the IUPAC Council meeting in Geneva in August 1997 and internationally accepted in the honor of the state Hessen (capital Wiesbaden) - German state where Institute for Heavy Ion Research is located.

 

Mt Meitnerium [Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d7

 

The element 109, Meitnerium (symbol Mt) was synthesized in 1982 by Gottfried Munzenberg, Peter Armbruster with coworkers at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research (Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung) in Darmstadt, Germany and named after Lise Meitner, the Austrian physicist. at the beginning, the name Unnilennium (symbol Une) was recommended, but in 1997, however, the name Meitnerium was accepted.


Ds Darmstadtium [Rn] 7s1 5f14 6d9

 

The date and time of element 110, Darmstadtium (symbol Dm) discovery is November 9, 1994 in 16:39 at the Institute for Heavy Ion Research (Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung, GSI) in Darmstadt, Germany. The only one atom was produced at the beginning.

The discovered isotope mass number was 269 (269 times heavier than hydrogen atom). It was produced by fusion of nickel and lead atoms accelerated in UNILAC accelerator of GSI. Only one atom of Darmstadtium was prepared during very long time after fusion of billions of nickel and lead atoms. IUPAC confirmed the discovery in 2001. The trivial name proposed by IUPAC was Uununnilium (symbol Uun). Nonofficial names for this element are eka-platinum, because of the belonging to the platinum group and policium, because of the Germany police number 110.

 

Rg Roentgenium [Rn] 7s1 5f14 6d10

 

The element 111 Roentgenium (symbol Rg) had been discovered 8th December 1994. The original name was Unununium (symbol Uuu). In accordance with the procedures established by IUPAC for the naming of elements, the name Roentgenium and the symbol Rg has been proposed for this noble metal analogous to copper, silver and gold in honour of famous scientists, Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen, the X-rays discoverer. The priority of the first preparing was granted by IUPAC to Sigurd Hofmann, et al at Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung, Darmstadt, Germany.


Uub Ununbium [Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d10

 

The element 112, Ununbium (symbol Uub), also known as eka-mercury was synthesized on 9th February 1996 at 22:37 at SHIP, Gesellschaft fur Schwerionenforschung in Darmstadt, Germany. The name Ununbium is a systematic IUPAC name for this element, which should be changed sooner or latter. In the first experiment only two nuclei of Ununbium-277 were synthesized by bombarding of the lead target by accelerated in a heavy ion accelerator zinc ions.

Subsequntly, Ununbium was synthesized in Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia. In 2006, in Dubna, another isotope Ununbium-282 was synthesized via series of -decays.

 

Uut Ununtrium [Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p1

 

The synthesis of chemical elements 113, Ununtrium and element 115, Ununpentium were reported on February 2004 by scientist from Flerov Laboratory of Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (Dubna) and Lawrence Livermote National Laboratory (Livermore, California). Japanese scientist from RIKEN (Japan) carried out another pathway for Ununtrium synthesis.

The name Ununtrium (symbol Uut)is a temporary IUPAC systematic chemical element name. This name will be changes in future. Because Japanese scientists were carried out some research of this element, they proposed names Japonium (symbol Jp) and Rikenium (symbol Rk).


Uuq Ununquadium [Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p2

 

The element 114, Ununquadium, Uuq, was discovered and reported December 1998 - January 1999 by scientists from the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia with materials from scientists at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA. In 2004 Ununquadium was synthesized by another pathway the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia. The name Ununquadium (symbol Uuq) is a temporary IUPAC systematic chemical element name for element 114. This name will be changes in future. Another temporary name for this element is eka-lead, due to predicted similarities between Ununquadium and Lead.

 

Uup Ununpentium [Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p3

 

The element 115, Ununpentium, Uup was synthesized in summer 2003 at the U400 cyclotron with the Dubna gas-filled recoil separator, at the Flerov Laboratory of Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia (Yu. Ts. Oganessian et al.) with subsequent publishing only in February 2004.

The name Ununpentium (symbol Uup) is a temporary IUPAC systematic chemical element name for element 115. This name will be changes in future. Another temporary name for this element is eka-bismuth.

 

Uuh Ununhexium [Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p4

 

The element 116, Ununhexium, Uuh was synthesized in 2000, at the Flerov Laboratory of Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, Russia (Yu. Ts. Oganessian et al.) with subsequent publishing only in February 2004.

The name Ununhexium (symbol Uuh) is a temporary IUPAC systematic chemical element name for element 116. This name will be changes in future. Another name used for the element 116 is eka-polonium.

 

Uus Ununseptium [Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p5

 

The element 117, Ununseptium, Uus has not been discovered yet. Currently this scheme of synthesis of the element 117 is under development at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research,

The name Ununseptium (symbol Uus) is a temporary IUPAC systematic chemical element name for element 117. Another name used for the element 117 is eka-astatine.

Ununseptium Neighbours

 

Uuo Ununoctium [Rn] 7s2 5f14 6d10 7p6

 

First synthesis of the element 118, Ununoctium, Uuo, was published in 1999 by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory in Calif, but further analysis of this results reveals some fraud in their studies. The first proven synthesis of Ununoctium was carried out at the Flerov Laboratory at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Russia and the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in the USA. Only one atom in 2002 and two atoms of Ununoctium-294 in 2005 were synthesized, but results were published only on October 2006 (Yu. Ts. Oganessian, "Synthesis and decay properties of superheavy elements", Pure Appl. Chem., 2006, 78, 889-904), (Yu. Ts. Oganessian et al., "Synthesis of the isotopes of elements 118 and 116 in the 249 Cf and 245 Cm +48 Ca fusion reactions", Phys. Rev. C, 2006, 74, 044602). The synthesis of Ununoctinum was verified by the analysis of independently created element 116, Ununhexium, which displays the same decay pattern as a decay products of Ununoctinum.

The name Ununoctium (symbol Uuo) is a temporary IUPAC systematic chemical element name for element 118. Another name used for the element 118 is eka-radon

. . , , 112-118 , 80-86 . 112-118 .

? , , . , , . , , . . , .

, , - , . , . , .

110-114

94Pu, 95Am, 96Cm, 97B, 98Cf, -20, -26 -30.

.

: . , .

- .

. . , , , . 176 . , , . , . .

? , , . , , . , , . . , .

, , - , . , . ,

116 Cm-248 Ca48. 2000 116- . 0,05 116 114 - 110 , .

. . , , 112-118 , 80-86 . 112-118 .

 






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