: , , , ..
, , 1946 . . 89-103 5f .
( , ). 5 f 14 . ,103- , 5f, 6s 6p. , , 104- 6d2 7s2, .. , , .
.
f - d- . . . 5f- 5f- 6 d -. , . . .
+3 , .
+4 (1) , . +4 .
+5 .
+6 . . +7 , , .
, , , .
, .
.
, . , , (n,g) c - ( ). . (1013 1015 /2).
|
|
.
1934 . . . 93 94 . () 1940 1950 . .
238U (n,g) 239U 239Np 239Pu
. , Fm. , - , ,
257Fm (n,g) 258Fm
, 258Fm ( ½ =3.8∙10-4 ).
( ). :
; ; Es (a,n) Md
f - d- . .
+3. 5 f- 4 f 6 d- . +3 , , +4 . , +3 . +2, . .
Ac | Cm | 3,4 | |||
Th | (3),4 | Bk | 3,4 | ||
Pa | 4, 5 | Cf | 2,3,4 | ||
U | 3, 4, 5, 6 | Es | 2, 3 | ||
Np | 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 | Fm | 2, 3 | ||
Pu | 3, 4,5, 6,7 | Md | 1, 2, 3 | ||
Am | 2, 3, (4),5, 6,7 | No | 2, 3 | ||
Lr |
d- s -. 4f 5d , , +3 . +3 +4 +5 +6 +3 +4 +5 +6 , ,
|
|
Me4+ + 2H2O MeO + 4H++ 2e-
, . .
:
2+[Cf No]
3+[Ac Lr]
4+(Th, U Cf; Am, Cm Cf )
(U Am)
(U Am)
(5 nH2O) 3 (Np, Pu, Am)
.
, , (.). . - , , HClO4.
Me(H2O) Me(H2O) . .
Me (H2O) + m H2O Me(OH)m(H2O)
Me (H2O) + m-
, | , | , | |||
3+ | 1.071 | Bk3+ | 0.975 | - | - |
Th3+ | 1.051 | Cf3+ | 0.962 | Th4+ | 0.984 |
Pa3+ | 1.034 | Es3+ | 0.953 | Pa4+ | 0.944 |
U3+ | 1.022 | Fm3+ | 0.943 | U4+ | 0.929 |
Np3+ | 1.011 | Md3+ | 0.934 | Np4+ | 0.913 |
Pu3+ | 1.001 | No3+ | 0.928 | Pu4+ | 0.896 |
Am3+ | 0.993 | Lr3+ | 0.921 | Am4+ | 0.888 |
Cm3+ | 0.985 | Cm4+ | 0.886 | ||
Bk4+ | 0.870 |
10.8.2 (89)
Ac A Actinium | [Rn] 7s2 6d1 |
1899 . - . , ().
, 89 - . , , - . , .
, . , , , . : 6s6p6 6d1 7s2.
24 , ( Ac, Ac Ac). .
:
221Ac | 232Th(d,9n)225Pa()→221Ac | <1 . | |
222Ac | 232Th(d,8n)226Pa()→222Ac | 4,2 . | |
223Ac | 232Th(d,7n)227Pa()→223Ac | 2,2 . | |
224Ac | 232Th(d,6n)228Pa()→224Ac | 2,9 . | |
225Ac | 232Th(n,)233Th(-)→233Pa(-) 233U()→229Th()→225Ra(-)→225Ac | 10 . | |
226Ac | 226Ra(d,2n)226Ac | - | 29 . |
227Ac | 235U()→231Th(-)→231Pa()→227Ac | - | 21,7 |
228Ac | 232Th()→228Ra(-)→228Ac | - | 6,13 . |
229Ac | 228Ra(n,)229Ra(-)→229Ac | - | 66 . |
230Ac | 232Th(d,)230Ac | - | 80 . |
231Ac | 232Th(,p)231Ac | - | 7,5 . |
232Ac | 232Th(n,p)232Ac | - | 35 . |
- Ac ( 22 ) 235U.
. 1 ~ 10-10 Ac. . .
|
|
, .
, :
Ra (n,g) Ra → Ac
, .
l - ~3,6. Ac2(24)3, AcF3. 12000 .
- , , . 10500.
. , . 6d17s2. . , (+ 3), (1,87 2,03 ), . , . , . . >3 . , , .
.
227Ac . Ac-Be- Mn, Si, Al . 227Ac .
225Ac 213Bi, -.
228Ac - -. 228Ac-228Ra -
-. , . , . , , .
Th Thorium | [Rn] 7s2 6d2 |
10.8.3 (90TH)
90 1828 . . 1898 . . . . - 90. 232Th. -232 . -232 1,391010.
|
|
6d2 7s2.
(, ). . , , () .
232Th . - - , , . - , , ( , ..), - .
. . .
.
, , . .
, .. , .
. +4, +3, +2, +4. Th+4 , At At .
. . . . .
. .
, , , . 91 -231 35000 . -235 :
U Ac
, (340 1 ). . -231 -234. , .
, 17 216 238 . ( ½= 27 ) :
. Nb, Ta, Zr, Hf, Ti. - , . . 2˚ . 5f2 6d1 7s2.
10-3 10-4 . . 250-300, PaH3. . +5, +4,+3,+2, +5. +5 , (, , ). (+5) . (+5) , .
, . (1).
(n,)
( ½ =73.6 ) - , .
|
|
. 250 .
231Pa . 231Pa 5,610−4 /³. 0.03 , 0.5 .
10.8.5 (92 U)
U Uranium | [Rn] 7s2 5f3 6d1 |