- . . .
(Virtual LAN, VLAN) , ( . . ) .
IEEE 802.1Q - . , - VLAN .
( , VLAN), ethernet , 4 . , , , VLAN, , .
TPID (Tag Protocol Identifier) (16 ). 802.1q 0x8100
Priority (3 )
CFI (Canonical Format Indicator) MAC- (1 ), Ethernet Token ring
VLAN identifier (VID) (12 : 0 4095)
VLAN .
VLAN . () .
. VLAN . VLAN. . VLAN , MAC-.
VLAN Trunking Protocol (VTP) VTP- (.. / / VLAN ). VTP 3 : , . VLAN Pruning VLAN .
Internet Protocol
Internet Protocol IP (. internet protocol ) , TCP/IP.
IP , . , ( OSI) . , , , ( ; ), ( ) . ( ) OSI , TCP IP .
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4
IP , IPv4. IP IP- 4 (4 ). . , , ( A, B, C; , ).
6
IPv6, , IPv4. , . IPv4 IPv6 . 2010 3000 , IPv6. , IPv4 320 , IPv6 , IPv4.
()
IP- , . , , - , , . .
IPv4 4.
IHL IP- 32- (dword). . 5.
, . .
3 . , DF (dont fragment) MF (more fragments) , .
, .
- (. IANA protocol numbers RFC 1700). IPv6 Next Header.