802.1-
802.2-
802.3- Ethernet
802.4- Token BUS (Intel, Xerox
802.5- Tokenring
802.6- MAN-
802.7-
802.8-
802.9-
802.10-
802.11-
802.12- 100 Vg-Any LAN
Ethernet
-
- CSMA/CD (Carrier Sense multiply access with collision detected). ( )
- 5-10 . - .
-
- 9,6 .
-
- 2 .
-
-
-, , jam- (32- ).
-
T=L*I, I- . 2- 512 ( 10 /=100 ). L- , 0 2n, n . L- .
- CSMA/CD
-
- Tmin>=PDV, Tmin- . PDV- , ( )
- .
Ethernet
-10Base-5 . =0,5 . R=50 . L=50 . RG-8, RG-11
-10Base-2 . =0,25, R=50 , L=185 . RG-58/U, RG-58A/U, RG-58C/U
-10Base-T L=100 .
-10Base-F .
10Base-F - L=2000
10Base-FOIRL L=1000
10Base-FB L=2000
10Base-5
- Xerox
-
- AUI- 4 (8). 50.
- 100 2,5
- 4 , .. 5 . 3-
|
|
- 2500
- 99 , 99*3=297
3-4-5
Base-2
- Xerox
- (BNC) T-.
- 185 .
- 30 1
- 4 , 5
- 925
90 ( )
Base-T
-
- , ,
- 100
- 4
- 925
- 1024
: HUB.
Base-F
- 10Base-T
- 10Base-FOIRL (fiber optic inter-repeater link) 2500 , 4 , 1000
-10Base-FL 2000 (FOIRL FL , .. 2500 )
-10Base-FB . 2740 . 5 , 2000
-
- Ethernet, ,
-
- , , -
- 1024
-
PDV<525 bt
-
Ethernet
10 /
FAST Ethernet
- SynOptic, 3Com
- 100 / CSMA/CD
-
4- UTP 3-4-5 10Base-TH
2- UTP 5- 10Base-FX
-
- . , Idle
VG-AnyLAN
- HP, AT&A, IBM
- (Demand Priority)
- Ethernet, tokenring
- 4 UTP 3
- 100 /
- , .. ( )
-
Gigabit Ethernet
- Cisco, 3Com
- 1000 /
- CSMA/CD
-
62,5/125
50/125
10Base-SX ( 850 )
10Base-LX (1300 )
|
|
75 . 150 25
5 4
10 GE ( )
- 10 /
- ethernet IP-
- TCP/IP 3
1.
2. IP
3. - , .
-
- 16- ( )
-
-
- IP
-
N
-top.rbc.ru
- IP , Domain Namr Service (DNS),
IP
-
- 4
- 2 :
-
4-
IP
A | 1.0.0.0 | 126.0.0.0 | 224 | |
B | 128.0.0.0 | 191.255.0.0 | 216 | |
C | 192.0.1.0 | 223.255.255.0 | 28 | |
D | 224.0.0.0 | 239.255.255.255 | multicast | |
E | 240.0.0.0 | 247.255.255.255 |
B
D Multicast , , ,
IP
- 0 : ( icmp internet control massage protocol )
0 , , ,
- IP 1, , . .
- 1 ,
- 127 (01111111) , , OSI.
-
-
: 10.0.1.3 , 255.255.255.0 . 10.0.1- , 3-
- 1,
IP
-
- Internet ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers)
ARIN ()
RIPE ()
APNIC (
-
10.0.0.0
172.16.0.0-172.31.0.0
192.168.0.0-192.168.255.0
- Ipv4 (4)
- Ipv6 (6 )
-CIDR (classless inter Domain Routing)- , , ,
|
|
- NAT (network adress translation)
- NAT ,
-NAPT . . .
IP
- DHCP (Dynamic host configuration protocol)
-
- IP - - .
-
- . .
.
: ISDN, X25 .
ISDN (Integrated Service Digital Network) , .
:
ITU T.164
.
:
-
-
:
. . .
( ):
1 50 .
,
-
- , ,
xDSL -
ADSL- ,
FIFO ( )
, .
,
25 9600 / ( )
ISDN ,
.164
ISDN
( )
() -64 / ( )
D- 16 / ( )
H-16-64 / ( , )
3+D 3+2D ( )
( 12)
.164 .163
: ()
4 25
25 ()
- 3-
25
Farnet
( )
( -)
:
-
|
|
- , .
QOS (quality of servise)
- - ( QOS)
IP-. FIFO ,
-
, , .
- .
. .
:
1.
) (stream) . , . , , .
-
()
- V=B/T
- - . Ethernet = 10/, -9,76/.
) (burst)
. .
: 2 , 3 .
, .
Cburst=B/Tburst , , .
, = 2/3burst. =1,5
2. .
.
, ( , , , )
.
.
.
3. .
, - .
, ( ). ( 1 . ).
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1)
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