Internet : , , . . , , Internet (, ). .
, , Internet, . (EGP, BGP) . (RIP, OSPF, IS-IS) . .
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First ) 1991 . , , . , .
40. TCP/IP.
, , , . - - TCP/IP, .
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) UDP (User Datagram Protocol). TCP . - - . TCP , . TCP - , . , TCP .
UDP , IP, () .
41. TCP/IP.
TCP/IP , .
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| arp | , ARP (Address Resolution Protocol - IP-) |
| hostname | . . |
| ipconfig | TCP/IP: IP-, , , WINS (Windows Internet Naming Service) DNS (Domain Name System) |
| nbtstat | NetBIOS, TCP/IP. NetBIOS. |
| netstat | TCP/IP. |
| nslookup | , , , DNS. |
| ping | TCP/IP . |
| route | IP. , IP. |
| tracert | - ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol). . |
TCP/IP ipconfig. , DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol), , TCP/IP DHCP.
ipconfig , IP-:
- , IP-, , ;
- IP- , 0.0.0.0;
- DHCP IP-, 0.0.0.0.
ping (Packet Internet Grouper) TCP/IP . . ping , .
ping - ICMP -. Ping . . , ping , .
4 - 32 ( ). Ping , , , , (ttl) , ... time , ( ) . 1 , 1000 . "Request time out" ( ), , , , .
Ping (DNS NetBIOS), IP-. ping IP- , - , , , .
ping :
1) , TCP/IP , ping (loopback address): ping 127.0.0.1
2) , IP- , IP- :
ping IP-__
3) , , IP- :
ping IP-_
4) ping IP- :
ping [] IP-_
Tracert - . TTL (time-to-live, ) IP ICMP .
tracert , ping, , . ( Internet-, , ) , . , (*), "Destination net unreachable", "Destination host unreachable", "Request time out", "Time Exeeded".
tracert : 3 - , . ( . ). . , , TTL . , (). , , - ICMP "Time Exeeded" ( ). - TTL=1. TTL 1 , , TTL ( 30, -h). ICMP, .
: tracert [] __
ARP ARP-. ARP - IP- . ARP- ARP- (ARP-). , ARP , IP-. : . . . . ( 2 .) , .
netstat (TCP, UDP, IP, ICMP), . , .
:
netstat [-a] [-e] [-n] [-s] [-p protocol] [-r]
:
-a ;
-e Ethernet- (, );
-n (, TCP) . IP- ;
-s UDP, TCP, ICMP, IP. "/more" ;
-r .
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