.. 6
1 ... 7
2 ... 10
3 .. 15
4 .. 26
5 .. 34
6 .. 37
7 .. 48
8 WEB.. 51
9 .. 61
.. 66
.. 6
1 ... 7
1.1 . 7
1.2 . 7
1.3 . 7
1.3.1 . 7
1.3.2 . 8
1.4 . 9
2 ... 10
2.1 . 10
2.1.1 twisted pair 10
2.1.2 . 11
2.1.3 . 12
2.2 . 12
2.2.1 . 13
2.2.2 . 13
2.2.3 . 13
2.3 . 13
3 .. 15
3.1 . . . 15
3.2 ISO/OSI 16
3.3 ISO/OSI 18
3.4 . 21
3.5 OSI 22
3.6 IEEE 802. 24
3.7 . 24
4 .. 26
4.1 . 26
4.1.1 . 26
4.1.2 . 27
4.1.3 . 28
4.1.4 . 28
4.1.5 . 29
4.1.6 . 29
4.2 . 30
4.2.1 . 30
4.2.2 . 31
4.2.3 . 31
4.2.4 Mesh. 32
4.2.5 . 32
5 .. 34
5.1 . 34
5.2 . 35
6 .. 37
6.1 . 37
6.2 (E-Mail) 37
6.3 (Mail list) 38
6.4 (Usenet) 38
6.5 World Wide Web (WWW) 40
6.6 (DNS) 42
6.7 (FTP) 45
6.8 Internet Relay Chat 46
6.9 ICQ.. 46
7 .. 48
7.1 . 48
7.2 . 49
7.3 . 50
8 WEB.. 51
8.1 . 51
8.2 Internet Explorer 51
8.2.1 Web-. 53
8.2.2 . 53
8.2.3 . 54
8.2.4 . 55
8.2.5 . 55
8.3 World Wide Web. 57
8.4 . 59
9 .. 61
9.1 . 61
9.2 Outlook Express. 62
9.2.1 . 62
9.2.2 . 63
9.2.3 . 63
|
|
9.2.4 . 64
9.3 . 64
.. 66
. () , .
1
1.1
, .
1.2
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, . .
(Wide Area Network) ; .
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10 / 185 .
2. Thicnet.
. , . 10Base-5 Ethernet. RG-8 RG-11, 12 . . AUI (Attachment unit interface) (), .
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10Base-5 | , . | |||
100-2000 |
2.2
10Base-T | ||
10Base-F | ||
100Base-T | ||
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10Base-5 (5 , 3- ) |
3
3.1 . . .
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3.2 ISO/OSI
, , , , , . . , .
(International Standards Organization, ISO) , , , . (Open System Interconnection, OSI) ISO/OSI.
OSI (.1). . , 7 , . - .
OSI , . , . , OSI, , , OSI.
, , .
, , . , () , , . .
, ..
, , , .
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. , , , , . , , , . , , , , . , .
, . .
. . . , (frames). , , , , . , . , . , .
, , . , , , . , , , . Ethernet, Token Ring, FDDI, 100VG-AnyLAN.
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, , , , , (hops) , . , , .
. , . , , .
. . , . , . . , .
IP TCP/IP IPX Novell.
. . , , . , - - , . OSI , .
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. , , , . , , , . , .
. , , , . , , , . , , , . , . , , Secure Socket Layer (SSL), TCP/IP.
. - , , , Web-, , , . , , (message).
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3.4
OSI : , , , .
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, OSI, IEEE 802, OSI. , , .
2 :
Logical Link Control (LLC) . , Services Access Point ( ), OSI;
Media Access Control (MAC) . , .
3.7
( ) , . , OSI:
;
;
.
:
;
;
;
.
:
DDP (Delivery Datagram Protocol ). Apple, AppleTalk.
IP (Internet Protocol ). TCP/IP, .
IPX (Internetwork Packet eXchange ) NWLink. Novell NetWare ( Microsoft), .
NetBEUI. IBM Microsoft, NetBIOS.
.
:
ATP (AppleTalk Transaction Protocol AppleTalk) NBP (Name Binding Protocol ). AppleTalk.
NetBIOS/NetBEUI. , .
SPX (Sequenced Packet exchange ) NWLink. Novell, ( Microsoft).
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol ). TCP/IP, .
, .
:
AFP (AppleTalk File Protocol AppleTalk). Macintosh.
FTP (File Transfer Protocol ). TCP/IP, .
NCP (NetWare Core Protocol NetWare). Novell.
SMTP (Simple Mail Transport Protocol ). TCP/IP, .
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol ). TCP/IP, .
4
4.1
, , .
4.1.1 [11]
(Network Interface Card, NIC) - , , . , , . , .
, (, , ), .
:
. , .
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, , , (, ).
4.1.2
, , . , () , , .
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, . , . , , , .
4.1.3
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:
(passive);
(active);
(intelligent).
, ).
, .
, (packet switching) (traffic riuting).
4.1.4
(bridge) , . , : (MAC address) - , , .
OSI.
, , , . , , , . , , .
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4.1.5
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.
4.2
, , .
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Bus ();
Ring ();
Star ();
Mesh ().
4.2.1
, , , (. 4.1).
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, , () . : Ethernet.
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(token), , , . , .
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, , , .
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4.2.4 Mesh
Mesh () (. 4.4).
4.4
Mesh , . . ( ).
4.2.5
. .
Star Bus
Star Bus ( ) (. 4.5).
Star Ring
Star Ring ( ) Star-wired Ring, .
, .
, .
4.5
Hybrid Mesh
Mesh , Hybrid Mesh Mesh.
, (. 4.6).
4.6
5
5.1
50- . 60- . ARPANET. , . , - , - .
ARPANET 1969 . , , . , . , 80- , ARPANET ( ).
- 1983 . . TCP/IP, .
TCP/IP , , OSI ( ). TCP . , . IP . , .
TCP.
TCP, , , , .
TCP , . . ( ). , , TCP-. , , TCP- .
IP.
- IP (Internet Protocol) - ,
(IP-). T- . , : 195.38.46.11.
256 , I- (2564 , ). - , .
5.2
, , . , .
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+ , FTP (FTP-);
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5.1
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.
5.2.
5.2
6
6.1
Telnet. , . .
. , , , - , .
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, Telnet-, . , , . Telnet Windows ( telnet.exe).
, - , , . . , , , , .
6.2 (E-Mail)
. .
, . .
: SMTP . , .
. , , Microsoft Outlook Express,