3) . 11 12 ( 2.3.4) t t 1, :
= 1. t.
4) , ( , , ) :
.
5) 䳿 , (ᒺ) − , :
D. = D / .
ᒺ.
:
1. :
() − ;
W = 1 000, ;
n = 1;
= 0 , Y = 0 ( , );
= 12.00 .;
h = 50 %.
2. :
10 u 10 = 5 /;
10 a10, = 0;
, 5 .
3. :
, − = 17.00 ..;
ᑺ X = 20 , Y = 2 ;
t = 17.00 .;
T = 4 .;
= 2.
.
. (s) , u/2:
1) . 2 ( 2.3.4) : D;
2) . 3 ( 2.3.4) : 5 /;
3) () , , ;
4) () () ᑺ Y: = 20 ; Y = 2 ;
5) . 5 6 ( 2.3.4) , h = 10% ᑺ () (X.1) 1 : 1 = 0,189, − h = 50/ h, 5: 0,945 /.;
6) . 7 9 ( 2.3.4) (), ( Y): = 0,09;
7) (, t): t=T T = 17,00 12,00 = 5 .;
8) . 10 ( 2.3.4) , , ᒺ tj: tj = 1,0 .;
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|
9) t tj:
10) t £ tj,, s = 0;
11) t > tj, . 11 12 ( 2.3.4) (t), : t > tj = 5 . > >1 ., t = 0,63;
12) (w), (W) , (h): Kw =10 4 n W h = 10-4 1100050 = 5;
13) . 13 ( 2.3.4) t (): = 0,13;
14) s ( ), u/2:
As=x1 Ky Kt Kw K = 0,9450,090,6350,13 = 0,035 u\2.
. :
1) , :
,
, t , t , , :
2) . 11 12 ( 2.3.4) t = 5 . (17.00 12.00) t, 0,63 1, n: = 0,9450,090,63 = 0,053 /.;
3) . 11 12 ( 2.3.4) t = 9 (21.00 12.00) t, 0,46 1, : = 0,9450,090,46 = 0,039 /.
4) , : D = 1,7 (0,0399 0,0535) = 0,146 ;
5) . 4 : . = 2. : D = 0,146 / 2 = 0,073 .
: 0,073 .
. ᒺ.
() ᒺ . , :
1. , , ?
.
4 ᒺ 50 /. , (ᒺ ) .
.
:
D¥ ≈ 51;
D¥ , ;
1 = tt, , /.;
t , . 11, 12 ( 2.3.4) , ;
t , /.
, 4 , t = 1,43, 1 1,4350 = 71,5 (/.).
, (ᒺ ) , :
D¥ ≈ 571,5 = 357,5 .
|
|
: , (ᒺ ) 357,5 .
2. , , , , .
. 1 , ᒺ 8 , 6 , 2 . . : 11,4 ; 8,1 8,1 .
.
ᒺ :
D = D + D ,
D, D , .
: , t t; .
г : 1 = 1,4350 = 71,5 /.
4 4, 10 10 12 12 :
4 = 50 / . 1.
10 = 1t10 = 71,50,52= 37,18 /.
12 = 1t12 = 71,50,48= 34,32 /.
:
= = (50+37,18)0,5 = 43,59 /.;
= = (37,18+34,32)0,5 = 35,75 /.
, , - :
= .
= 2/h0,5, ; h0,5 -. , . 14 ( 2.3.4), :
= 4; = 2; = 2; = 16; = 1.
, ᒺ:
D = D + D = ( 6)/16 + ( 2)/1 = 43,596/16 + 35,752/1 = 16,3 + 71,5 = 87,8 .
: , ᒺ 87,8 . . .
3. , ᒺ , .
. , ( = 7) , 4 , P = 20 /. , D = 7 .
.
, , , - -, , , , ( - - ).
, − , :
= = = 2,45 .
:
= = = 0,35 .
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|
: 2,45 .,
0,35 .
4. , , , , .
. , , , , , 0,011 /., : − 9 ., − 8 ., : 2 ., 1 ., 4 .
: , − const.
.
, : .
, () , , , , , :
3 =24/ (t + t1 / 1 + t2 /2 +... + tn / n),
t − , ;
t1, t2, t3,... tn , , .;
1, 2, K3,... n − ᒺ, (. 15 2.3.4).
, :
3 = 24 (2+8 / 6 + 11 / 27 + 2 / 2+ 1 /3) ≈ 4,73;
:
= .
, :
D=D 365=0,056365 = 20,44 .
: 0,056 ;
22,44 .
ȯ ֲ ̲ Ͳ
: .
3. .
: . ( , ᒺ, ).
: ____________________________
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:
1. ᒺ () , ᒺ, .
2. , , .
- :
˳:
1. .., .., .., .. . . . .: , 2010. 179 .
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|
2. .. : . : , 2004. 439 .
3. . .: , 1997. 135 .
:
( );
- ( , , , );
.
_______
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, 0 | |||||||||
2. .
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, ________ /.; (' ) ______, _________ / .
: ____________ ;
ᒺ _______ ;
________ .
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:
1. ___________________________
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____
2.
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: ____
3. - ______________ .
4. - : _______________________, ____________/ .
5. : ______, __________________________________________________________________.
6. _______________.
7. , - , .
______ _____ . ______________________________________________________.
(̳ )
8. : ____ , , _________________________________.
(̳, )
: _______________________________________________________.
9. , _____________________________
(, )
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10. ______________________________________________ .
|
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( )
11. __________________________________________________________
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(ϳ, )
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.3
²
( ) , ( 3.3.1)
, .
30% .
.
, , ײ (. 2).
ᒺ.
2.3.4
1.
1- , | 1 . , / | |||||
0,014 | 0,140 | |||||
0,140 | 1,4 | |||||
1,4 | 4,2 | |||||
4,2 | ||||||
- | - |
2.
10, / | |||||
³ | ³ | ||||
V10<2 | |||||
2<V10<3 | D | F | F | ||
3<V10<5 | D | D | D | D | F |
5<V10<6 | D | D | D | D | D |
V10>6 | D | D | D | D | D |
()
D - ()
F ()
3.
(V)
, /
10 (V10), / | ||||||
2 | 6 | |||||
-- | -- | -- | -- | |||
D | -- | -- | ||||
F | -- | -- | -- |
4.