. (me = 9,109×1031 ) , (e = 1,602×1019 ) , . , . , , . , , (m = 9,2741×1024 /). .
, , 㳿. . , , . .
. , , 㳿 , , . , , 18 32. , N = 2 n 2, n , , . , , n ; , . n : 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7 ( .. 뺺).
, K, L, M, N, O, P, Q. ֳ n. n 㳿, .
n = 2, , 㳺 . ʳ , . l ; l 0 n 1. 0, 1, 2, 3 l; s, p, d, f : s , ; p ( ); d ( ); f ( ). ʳ m, , l. l = 1 m 1, 0, +1; m l + l. , n l , m . S. m S . S . . , n . , , .
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. , , 㳿. , 㳿 (). , , l:
E = hc /l = h u,
h (6,62621034 ); (2,9979108 /); u = c /l .
̳ , ( , ), 13,6 .
, , .
s , . 1 s2 , ( ) . 2 s 2, , s - .
, p, d, f. 6, 10 14 (. 2.1). , L , 1 s 22 s 22 p 6, , s- p- (. 2.2).
2.1. ,
p, n | , l | m | |||
2 n 2 | |||||
K | 0 s | ||||
L | 0 s 1 p | 1; 0; +1 | |||
M | 0 s 1 p 2 d | 1; 0; +1 2; 1; 0; +1; +2 | |||
N | 0 s 1 p 2 d 3 f | 1; 0; +1 2; 1; 0; +1; +2 3; 2; 1; 0; +1; +2; +3 |
nlx ( l s, p, d, f); x . , 3Li : 1 s 22 s 1.
3 d- , . 3 d - . 3 d- 10, , .
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, , , .
2.2.
K (n = 2) | L (n = 2) | M (n = 3) | N (n = 4) | |||||||
1 s | 2 s | 2 p | 3 s | 3 p | 3 d | 4 s | 4 p | |||
H He Li Be B C N O F Ne Na Mg Al Si P S Cl Ar K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr |