- .
, .
, .. .
+ +
.
, , , ( ). , ( ).
, , , , .
.
, , - . , , , , , .
, .
(Y) , , .
Y (1.13)
i , Z .
, , , , .. . .
(m 1 ), (N2 ), .
|
|
γm m
= γm * m (1.14)
, .. , , , , .
(+, -) .
:
= * α * n (1.17)
n , α .
+ = + * γ+= * n+ * γ+ (1.16)
- = - * γ-= * n- * γ- (1.17)
() = + +
+ = + * γ+= * γ+ (1.18)
- = - * γ-= * γ- (1.19)
:
= + * - (1.20)
,
= + * - * γ+ * γ+= 2 * γ+ * γ- (1.21)
(nm) nm = nm+ + mn-
nm = nm+ * mn- = n+m * nn * mm * γ+n * γ-m (1.22)
, , : ( ) (γ ).
:
γ = γ 2 = γ + * γ- (1.23)
= 2 = + * - = (1.24)
nm:
γ = (1.25)
= (1.26)
. , , .
lg γ = - h * Y (1.27)
h = (1.28)
ε , , . = 298 , ε = ε = 78,3,
lg γ = - 0,509 * Z+ * Z- * (1.29)
-. , :
.
.
1.
0,001 l2.
|
|
l2 2+ + 2l-,
2+ = 2l-,
Y Y (Y = 3Cm)
2
0,001 .
1. ZnSO4 = Zn2+ + SO42-,
Y
Y (0,001 * 22 + 0,001 * 22) = 0,004
2. -
lg γ = - 0,509 * Z+ * Z- *
lg γ = - 0,509 * 2 * 2 = - 0,1287
lg γ = 0,7435
3. .
= + * -
= 0,001 * γ+ * 0,001 * γ- = 0,0012* γ2 = 5,5 *10-7
= = 7,43 * 10-4