. . 2. : , -. MA 2 16. . , .
2
7.1 .
7.2 .
7.3 .
7.4 . 5.2...5.4 ( -, , , ).
7.5 , ( , ).
7.6 , , 100- .
2.2
1.1 () .
1.2 .
2.1 , MA. :
. P (ak), k = 1, 2,, MA...
. . , K - . K . 1- ( ) P (ak / aj), k, j = 1, 2,, MA...
2.2 (MA = 2) P (a 1) = p P (a 2) = (1 p). p . 1 :
H (A) = p log2 p (1 p)log2(1 p). (1)
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2.3 1- P (a 1/ a 1), P (a 1/ a 2), P (a 2/ a 1) P (a 2/ a 2). :
H (A) = . (2)
1. 1‑ P (a 1) = P (a 2) = 0,5; P (a 1/ a 1) = P (a 2/ a 2) = 0,3; P (a 1/ a 2) = P (a 2/ a 1) = 0,7. .
(2)
H (A) = 0,5(0,3log20,3 + 0,7log20,7) 0,5(0,3log20,3 + 0,7log20,7) = 0,881 ..
, (H max(A) = 1 ..). .
2.4 , , 1 .. (. 1). , P (a 1) = 0,8, P (a 2) = 0,2. H (A) = 0,722 .. (, ) ( , ). .
( m ). () MB
MB = . (3)
() .
2. 3 (m = 3) H (A) = 0,722 ..
(.. , ), (P (a 1 a 1) = P (a 1) P (a 1)). (3) MB = = 23 = 8. (, -) (. 1).
1
bi | P (bi) | |||||
I | II | III | IV | V | ||
a 1 a 1 a 1 | 0,512 | |||||
a 1 a 1 a 2 | 0,128 | |||||
a 1 a 2 a 1 | 0,128 | |||||
a 2 a 1 a 1 | 0,128 | |||||
a 1 a 2 a 2 | 0,032 | |||||
a 2 a 1 a 2 | 0,032 | |||||
a 2 a 2 a 1 | 0,032 | |||||
a 2 a 2 a 2 | 0,008 |
:
= 2,184 ,
. (4)
= 0,728 . H (A) = 0,722 .. , ( = 1).
m , .. .
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2.5 . , , , , . , (, m, ). ( ) (P (akaj) = P (ak) P (a / ak)).
, , , , . , (, ).
3.1 .
3.2 .
3.3 .
3.4 ?
3.5 ?
3.6 ?
3.7 m? m?
3.8 ?
4.1. . [2, . 16...27; 5, . 876...887]. . 6.
4.2 { a 1; a 2} P (a 1) = (0,8 0,02 N), N . . . - ( N) ( N). , , η m.
4.3 .
5.1 . 2.2 , , 2. , . 6. .
5.2 . (). .
. , . H (A), . . .
, (5)
N (), ;
N (), .
. 5.2 .
5.3 . ().
, . 5.2, .
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5.4 1- . - 1- .
, . 5.2 5.3, 1- .