POST (. Power-On self-test) ', . POST ' , .
POST , ', POST-. POST- -, Manufacturing Test Port 80h. : POST-, POST-, POST. , POST- () .
, POST , . , POST.
³ BIOS , .
7.
' , .
ͲͲ . , , . , ' ..
. ³ ' - , . ', , .
². , ' . Power Switch . ' , . - . ' Reset Switch Power Switch . , . : , . ϳ . , '. ϳ , , - . ' , .
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. ' 24- () - P4 () . ' 24- () - P4 () 1.5. . . - , '. ϳ 24- ATX - P4 ' . , , , .
. , , , , , , , . , . , .
8. ij
ij :
, , - .
. . . . .
, . , - . ׳ , . ϳ , . :
1. () Q.
2. .
3. , .
9. ij
, , , . .
ij -. - , . , . 20-30 . 65-70 . , (: , ).
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10. . 䳿 OSI
Ǒ .
. :
, , (LAN (Locfl-Area Network));
, ᒺ , (CAN (Campus-Area Network));
(100 /) (MAN (Matropolitan-Area Network));
, (WAN (Wide-Area Network));
(, ) (GAN (Global-Area Network)).
, , - .
.
: , .
㳺 , .
OSI . . 䳿. , .
(7-) , . г , , , . , .
г
/ . , , , , . / / , , .
³ ', . г / , , , . , 䳿.
(Transport layer) 4- OSI, , , . , , , . , , ' , . 䳿 -.
3- OSI, . ³ , , , . , .
䳿 , . , , . , 䳺. IEEE 802 2 MAC (Media Access Control) , LLC (Logical Link Control) . , .
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Գ
, . . , . () . Գ , , ', , , , .
11. 㳿
ϳ 㳺 쳺 璺 .
㳿 :
(bus), (. 1);
(star), , (. 2);
(ring), , , , (. 3).
. 1.
. 2.
. 3.
, . .
(, , ) , . 璺 , . (, 糿). , (half duplex) ( , , ).
, . 㳺 , , , . . 㳺 ( ), 璺 - .
dz - , . , , , , .
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, , , - . . - 㳿 , .
, : .
( , ) , . , ( , , ), .
ʳ , 璺 : , . , , . . , () , , , . ׳ , . , . , , .
( ) , .
, . ( ) . (, ).
12. TCP/IP SPX/IPX
TCP/IP . Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol ( / ), IP TCP.
Ѳ:
TCP/IP 䳿 () ' 䳿. 䳿 : -볺 -. .
TCP/IP . TCP/IP TCP(Transmission Control Protocol) UDP (User Datagram Protocol). . UDP '. . TCP () ' ( ) TCP '.
TCP/IP . 㳿 TCP/IP IP : ARP; RARP (Reverse ARP); ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol), , .
IP ' . ' IP IP- , , , ,
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IPX/SPX . IPX ( , IP), SPX ( TCP).
IPX / SPX NetWare, ( 4.0) , ' . Novell , ' ( IBM- ' MS-DOS 640 ) . , IPX / SPX - , ' , (, ' 볺 ).
14.
Ethernet .
1 , , . 糺.
Ethernet 10 /. , 0 1 .
䳺 , . , .
14.
, , . -, 6 , 11 0 17 3 FD 01.
- , 䳿 . -
13. .
' .
' . , , - . , ', - . , ' .
' ', . ˳ ' , .
:
- (, . circuit switching) ' ( ) (/ ) .
- (, . message switching) , , . : TCP-.
- (, . packet switching) , . , , ( '). : IP-. , '.
- (, . cell switching) , .
14. .
(. Routing) . ( . router) , IP- . , , IP- . .
:
.
RIP,OSPF, EIGRP, IS-IS, BGP, HSRP , ' .
, - 㳿 . . . , . , .
. ϳ , , . 㳿 .
, . . - , ' . . , , , , , ' . ', . , 㳺, .
' . , , , . .
15. .
- , , . , ', .
- .
- '
( ) (packet). , , , - . . ' , ' . (. datagram), .
䳿 , , . ( ) , . ' , , , , , .
, , Ethernet, IP IPX.
, , . , , .
- , Ethernet IP / IPX - , . г , , , , , ( ) . - , Ethernet (forwarding table), , IP IPX, - (routing table)
16. 璺
' , .
- '. - , , ' ' , ', , ', ..
- ' ' , , . ' , . ϳ , , ', .
(virtual circuit virtual channel) . .
, ( ) . .
, , . , , . , , - . , , , QoS
17. Ethernet.
18. Gigabit Ethernet
, (Triple Play) '. Gigabit Ethernet, 1 / . 㳿, Fast Ethernet, 㳺 Ethernet: , CSMA / CD . 8B / 10B.
10 Fast Ethernet, 20 - 25 , . 㳿 Gigabit Ethernet , 512 , 64 㳿 Ethernet Fast Ethernet. ij 200 , Fast Ethernet. , 8192 .
Gigabit Ethernet, , . , , . Gigabit Ethernet :
(802.3z);
(802.3z);
UTP 5 (802.3ab);
.
, Gigabit Ethernet , .