.
1860-1970 . | ||
1911-1912 . | ||
20- XX . | ||
- | - | |
30-50- XX . | ||
60-70- XX . , | ||
80-90- XX . , , , . |
, , .
6070‑ XIX . , , . . 1870 , ⅻ).
2 4‑ 1873 .
, . , . . , , 2500. . 1884 3 , , 1885 . :
1. .
2. .
3. , .
4. .
: (Mass., Inst. of Technology The Russian system shop wrk instruction for engineers and machinists. Boston, Press of A.A. Kingman, 1876).
|
|
, . , 80‑ XIX .
1911-1912 . . , .
. 1908-1909 . .
1913 , - , . - , , . , , .., ., ., ..
- . , 20- , - - .
(., ., ., .) . , , . , , , , - . .. - , .
. 1918 , , , , . , . 1921 ., ., , - , , . .
(), ., ., . ., - : , . - , , . , , . , . : , .
|
|
20- . , . , , , , .
XX .
20- . 1923 . . . , , - , .
, , . , . 20-30- , . , . , .