1. This scientist works at some problems of low temperature physics.
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2. This girl works at Oxford University Students Union.
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Lomonosov founded in Moscow the first Russian University.
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Founded - Past Indefinite Active to found.
I. 1
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- The Big Ben clock weighs 13.5 tons.
- Most of Londons places of interest are situated to the north of the river Thames.
- London is more than twenty centuries old.
II. , , (. 2).
1. The bus stop is not far from here.
2. Several Harvard University physicists work at this problem.
3. There are only daylight lamps in this room.
III. , , .
1. One of the most famous buildings in England is St. Pauls Cathedral.
2. This room is smaller than that one.
3. The longer is the night, the shorter is the day.
IV. , .
1. At some of the London Underground stations there are lifts, others have escalators.
2. Please come any time, Ill be glad to see you.
3. No park in London is as popular as Hyde Park.
V. , - ; (. 3).
1. Winter came very early last year.
2. The Port of London is to the east of the City.
3. In a few days she will leave for Washington.
VI. .
LONDON
- London is the capital of Great Britain. It lies in the South East of England on both banks of the river Thames. London is one of the largest cities in the world and the largest port and industrial town in England. London is more than twenty centuries old.
- The heart of the capital is the City. The territory of the City is only about one square mile, but it is the financial and business centre of the country. Numerous banks, offices and firms are situated there, including the Bank of England. Few people live here, but over a million people come to the City to work. There are some famous ancient buildings within the City. Perhaps the most beautiful of them is St. Pauls Cathedral, the greatest of British churches.
- Westminster is the historic, the governmental part of London.
Westminster Abbey has more historic associations than any other building in Britain. Nearly all English kings and queens were crowned here. Many outstanding statesmen, scientists, writers are buried here: Newton, Darwin, Dickens, Kipling, Churchill.
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- Across the road from Westminster Abbey are the Houses of Parliament, the seat of the British government. The Clock Tower of the Houses of Parliament is famous for its big clock, known as Big Ben - one of the largest clocks in the world.
Buckingham Palace is the official residence of the Queen.
- Trafalgar Square is the geographical centre of London. It was named in memory of Admiral Nelsons victory in the battle of Trafalgar in 1805. The tall Nelson's Column stands in the middle of the square. It is 185 feet high.
- The Tower of London is one of the most interesting places in London. It was a fortress, a royal residence, a prison, now it is a museum. Not far from the Tower you can see the Tower Bridge, one of the finest bridges in London.
London is famous for its green parks. Hyde Park is the most popular of them.
- The West End of London is the richest and most beautiful part of London. Its the symbol of wealth and luxury. The best hotels, shops, restaurants, clubs, and theatres are situated there. There are fine houses and lovely gardens belonging to wealthy people.
- The East End was once the poorest district of London with lots of factories and docks, narrow streets and ugly buildings. Today, the district is changing very fast. There are huge offices and new blocks of flats in the East End.
VII. :
In what part of London are the governmental offices situated?
1) In West End;
2) In Westminster;
3) In the City.
I. 2
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- A great number of green trees grow around the old city.
- On the old market square there stands a beautiful church.
- Every hour the guard on the tower blows his trumpet on all four sides.
II. , , (. 2).
1. The passenger looked out of the train carriage window.
2. This newspaper article is very interesting.
3. Every year the people of Norway give the city of London a big Christmas tree as a present.
III. , , .
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1. The Volga is shorter than the Mississippi.
2. Some people think that Chinese is the most difficult language in the world.
3. The more you learn, the more you forget.
IV. , .
1. Will there be any concerts in the club next month?
2. Please bring me some apples, Mary.
3. There is no water in the kettle: they drank it all.
V. , - ; (. 3).
1. Copernicus discovered the structure of our planetary system
2. Now Krakow is a Polish city again
3. Where will you go next summer?
VI. .
CRACOW THE OLD CAPITAL OF POLAND
- It is said of Krakow that it grew on the stones where there once lived a dragon. Like all dragons, this one loved war and was always demanding food.
- A courageous man by name of Cracus, or Crac, threw the dragon a sheep into which he had put sulphur. The dragon ate the sheep with the sulphur, and became very thirsty. It began to drink the water of the Vistula. It drank and drank until it burst. And on the place where the dragon was killed, people built a city. The city stands today, and there are many flowers in its squares.
- Polands culture is intricate. Poland produced Copernicus, who discovered the structure of our planetary system, and Marie Sklodowska-Curie, who discovered the structure of the atom.
- Krakow is old and beautiful. A great number of green trees grow around the old city. On the old market square there stands a beautiful church. The church has two towers, one higher than the other because it is a guard tower. Many times the Tartars fell upon Krakow. Once they came to the walls of the city at night, without being seen, but the guard on the tower saw them, and blew his trumpet. And the people on the tower began to assemble, and the guard blew and blew, calling the people from all the streets. He stopped blowing his trumpet only when a Tartar arrow killed him.
- Centuries passed since then. Krakow was the capital of Poland. Krakow was a free city. Krakow became an Austrian city. Now Krakow is a Polish city again. And every hour the guard on the tower blows his trumpet on all four sides, and people on the square exchange glances and smile, because they havent forgotten the past.
- Poland knows how difficult it is to vanquish the dragon. Poland found at last its proper frontiers. It touches the sea now, and sends its ships out to sea. It has recovered those lands which were lost many years ago.
VII. :
The guard on the wall blew his trumpet
1) to call the people of Krakow from all the streets;
2) to play beautiful music;
3) to frighten the Tartars.
I. 3
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- Washington is the capital of the Untied States of America.
- In the very centre of Washington rises the huge dome of the Capitol.
- Skyscrapers in New York hide the citys many monuments from view.
II. , , (. 2).
1. Most university students in the USA pay for their education.
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2. America remains the world leader in biochemical and genetic engineering.
3. Did you read the yesterdays evening newspapers?
III. , , .
1. Washington is one of the most beautiful and unusual cities in the United States.
2. Which is larger: the United States or Canada?
3. The sooner you do it, the better.
IV. , .
1. Put no sugar in this tea: she doesnt like sweet tea.
2. Have you any brothers or sisters?
3. There are some important museums in Washington.
V. , - ; (. 3).
1. The US President works in the Oval Office.
2. George Washington selected the place for the capital.
3. Will your brother go to the country with us next Sunday?
VI. .
WASHINGTON, DC
- Washington is the capital of the Untied States of America. Its situated in the District of Columbia and is like no other city in the USA. Its the worlds largest one-industry city. And that industry is government. The White House, where the US President lives and works, the Capitol, the home of the US Congress, and the Supreme Court, are all in Washington.
- Washington was named after the first US President George Washington. He selected the place for the capital, and Pierrre lEnfant, a French engineer, designed the city.
Washington was founded in 1790 and since 1800 it has been the federal capital.
- Washington is one of the most beautiful and unusual cities in the United States. In the very centre of it rises the huge dome of the Capitol. The 535 members of the Congress meet here to discuss the nations affairs. Its easy to get lost in this big building, full of paintings and statues.
- Not far from the Capitol is the Library of Congress, the largest library in the States. It contains more than 13 million books and more than 19 million manuscripts.
The White House is the official residence of the US President. He works in the Oval Office.
- You can hardly find a park, a square or an open area in Washington without a monument or a memorial. The most impressive and the best-known ones are the Lincoln Memorial and the Washington Monument.
- There are some important museums in Washington where you can see all kinds of things: famous paintings and sculptures, the dresses of Presidents wives, the original of the Declaration of Independence, the largest blue diamond in the world, etc.
There are 5 universities in Washington.
- There are no skyscrapers in Washington, because they would hide the citys many monuments from view. No building in the city may be more than 40 metres tall.
Thousands of tourists visit Washington every day. People from all parts of the United States come to see their capital.
VII. :
The White House is the residence of
1) the Congress;
2) the President;
3) the Cabinet of Ministers.
I. 4
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- There are a lot of holidays in Japan.
- The Dolls Festival is the most beautiful holiday of the year.
- This old custom still exists in Japanese villages.
II. , , (. 2).
1. Please help me with my chemistry task.
2. There were a lot of children in the school yard.
3. Victory Day is a national holiday in Russia..
III. , , .
1. The dolls made for this prayer became more and more beautiful.
2. This is the happiest day in my life.
3. The more you learn, the more you know.
IV. , .
1. They have some cousins in Minsk.
2. Do you know any German words?
3. The lecture wasnt difficult, and the students had no questions.
V. , - ; (. 3).
1. The third of March is the time when spring slowly begins.
2. Suddenly we heard Mikes voice.
3. He will never come back!
VI. .
JAPAN DOLLS FLOATING ON THE RIVER
- Like in any other country in the world, there are a lot of holidays in Japan. Some of them are for children, both for boys and girls, and some are for girls only. Here is a story about one of them.
- The third of March is the Dolls Festival in Japan. It is celebrated for girls in most families all over the country. When the day gets near, beautiful dolls are shown in all the houses of families that have girls. The dolls are placed on a number of shelves or steps, covered with a red rug. On the top shelf are the king and queen, on the next, five musicians, on the third, soldiers, and on the lowest, very small cherry-trees, paper lanterns, or an ox-drawn carriage.
- The food on this festival day is different from usual food: rice cakes in the form of a diamond, white rice wine, another sort of rice cake, and many other good things to eat. For girls, the Dolls Festival is the most beautiful and the most enjoyable holiday of the year.
- You may be interested to know why the festival is celebrated in this way, and not in any other way. Perhaps it can be explained best by telling you about an old custom which still exists in Japanese villages.
- On the third of March people bring dolls to a river, and let them float away. The dolls are made of bamboo strips covered with red paper. First they are shown to everybody, and different gifts are placed in front of them. When evening comes, the people take these dolls and the gifts down to the river.
- All the children go together, singing, shouting and making a lot of noise. Then they watch the dolls as they are carried away by the water and disappear.
- The regions in which such festivals are celebrated are famous for their bad climate, and there are many places where crops cannot grow. The third of March is the time when spring slowly begins, and long ago people sent dolls made in the form of men down the river as a prayer for a good year.
- The dolls made for this type of prayer slowly became more and more beautiful, and people kept them at home as a kind of ornament, or gave them away as gifts. During many years, the festival on which these beautiful dolls were shown became a holiday.
VII. :
Long ago people sent dolls down the river because
1) they wanted the gods to give them good weather;
2) they didnt like these dolls;
3) they wanted to make the river more beautiful.
I. 5
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- Holland is famous for its cheeses.
- You can tell by a Dutch womans clothes where she lives.
- Kate cooks dinner every day.
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II. , , (. 2).
1. Bear hunting is a very dangerous hobby.
2. We have a nice country house in that village.
3. London recording studios are famous all over the world.
III. , , .
1. Dutch tulips are the finest in the world.
2. This film is more interesting than that one which we saw yesterday.
3. The more you read, the more educated you become.
IV. , .
1. There were no oranges in the shop, so we bought apples instead.
2. Any schoolboy knows this.
3. Here are some books by English writers. Take any book you like.
V. , - ; (. 3).
1. You will see houses with thatched roofs, and people in national costumes.
2. In the 16th century a Dutchman sent some of the tulip bulbs from Turkey to his home.
3. Our grandfather always sleeps after dinner.
VI. .
HOLLAND THE COUNTRY OF TULIPS AND WOODEN SHOES
- What can you see in Holland? Bicycles, for example. Cycling in Holland is not only a national pastime. It is a necessity for the people to travel to their work.
- Holland is also famous for its cheeses, especially the cheeses which are like round red cannon-balls. And the wooden shoes, of course
- These wooden shoes are known as klompen. Go to a house where you see a pair of them hanging from a signboard and ask the klompen-maker to let you see how they are made. First he takes a small log and hacks it into shape; then with a sharp gouge he starts to make a hole in it. He makes no measurements just trusts his eye. In two hours the shoes are finished. You have a pair of nice klompen.
- You will see houses with thatched roofs, and people in national costumes. Men wear black trousers, and women wear white lace caps. Those people, who know this Dutch dress, can tell by a womans clothes where she lives, and if she is married or not.
- There are a lot of flowers in Holland. It is the country where tulips are grown. Holland has more tulips than any other country, and Dutch tulips are the finest in the world.
- This beautiful flower was found during the crusades, nearly a thousand years ago, in Asia Minor. It was given by the crusaders to the monasteries in Turkey.
- Then the tulip was brought to the west through south and south-eastern Europe. At last it took root in Germany.
- In the 16th century a Dutchman sent some of the tulip bulbs from Turkey to his home. And now you can see fields and fields of tulips in Holland in the tulip season.
- Everywhere in the country you can see the famous windmills of Holland. Most of them are used to pump water from one canal to another. People of Holland say, jokingly, that the windmills are there specially to make a proper Dutch landscape!
- But the time of windmills is coming to an end. In the 17th century there were seven thousand windmills in Holland. Now there are only about one thousand.
VII. :
The Dutch word klompen means:
1) windmills;
2) tulips;
3) wooden shoes.
