: .
- , - -, ().
, , .
- - () .
.
1.
2. , , ( )
3.
4. ( ).
5. .
. .
: , , , , ,
: , , ( )
1 : , . , (Ag + 2, Pb+2, Hg +2) Cl , (Hg2Cl2 AgCl, PbCl2).
2 () . : . . : + Ni+2 → .
, . : Ag 2 + Pb 2 + Hg 2 + + Cl − , PbCl2 , .
3 .
: 2+ Fe 3+ KSCN, F − . Fe+3 + 4F → [FeF4] −, K = 10−16, Fe 3+ Co 2+ .
. .
, . , .
. 3 , S-, - d-. , .
. - . .
-
Pb2+(Ag+,Hg2+) | 2HHCl | |||
Ba2+,Sr2+,Ca2+ | 2HH2SO4 | |||
Al3+,Cr3+,Zn2+ | NaOH | , | ||
Fe2+,Fe3+,Mn2+,Mg2+ | NaOH | |||
Cu2+,Ni2+ | NH4OH | |||
NH4+,K+,Na+ |
, . -, ( 10-6/). -, . , .
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