.
(1.8) . ym
<ym|y> = Sncn<ym|yn> = cn (1)
<ym|yn> = dmn . ., (1) y.
Ù yn
nm = òyn*AÙymdq = <yn|AÙym> (2)
. ( ?), , . , . , j - y: j = Ùy. j y (1.8)
j = Snbn yn, y = Smcm ym
yn , (1)
bn = <yn |Ùy> = Smcm <yn |Ùym> = SmAnmcm (3)
.., , Ùy.
, :
(ÙÙ)mn = Sl AmlBln (4)
,
(Ù+)mn = Anm* (5)
Anm* = mn, . , , , nn -.
(, ) ( ):
Amn = andmn,
an Ù. , , (. (1.4)) Ùyn = anyn, ym : <ym|yn> = dmn. : , . , , .
(. ), : Ù Ù = Ù Ù, (4). : , , .
(, , , .) . , .!!
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Ù. , . .. . yn Ù, .. Ùyn = anyn, n- an. y :
A = ∫y* Ùydq = y| Ùy (6)
, . ( , , y = yn, = an.) an (. 1).
w(an) = |cn|2 (7)
cn y Ù: ψ = ∑ncn ψn. , |cn|2 ψn ψ. ,
∑n |cn|2 = 1 (8)
Ù , (7) dap :
dw(ap) = |cp|2dp (9)
3
.
, .. . . y dy = ε Ñy, ε . , Ñ. , (1.2):
Ñy = (i/)(S/ r) y
(4.6) S/ r = , ,
p Ù = - iÑ (3)
px = -i /x, py = -i /y, pz = -i /z (4)
, .
.
-iy/x = px y, -iy/y = py y, -iy/z = pz y. (5)
( )
y = C e(i/ħ) pr (6)
, pr ≡ pxx + pyy + pzz. , ( px, py, pz ). (6) . (6) p ( (1.9), φ = ∫c ei pr / d3p , - ).
(6) (6)
λ = 2π/ (7)
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, , . λ → 0 → 0.
, ,
y0 = δ( 0) (8)
0. , (8) ( 0) , 0 . , (8) . , (1.4)
δ( 0) = 0 δ( 0)
, δ- 0 = 0. ,
Ù = (9)
( , Ù y = y, y ). r
r Ù = r (10)
, ,
f(r) Ù = f(r), (11)
f(r) .
0 , .
(. 1) (6): , , - | y |2 d d , .. . , (8) . : - , , .
. , , : Δ, , (. (13.6)) Δ Δk ≈ 1. Δ -, Δk ≈!!Δ1/ λ ≈ Δ/ ( (7)),
DpxDx ≈ ħ, DpyDy ≈ ħ, DpzDz ≈ ħ (12)
2, ( ), . : (4), (10)
piÙxk - xkpiÙ = - iħdik!!!,k = x, y, z) (13)
, , , .
. (1926 .)
, Ψ (. 1), , , . , , ( , Ψ)
Ψ /t = LÙ Ψ (14)!!
LÙ - ( ). , LÙ, (1.2). , :
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(i/)(S/t)Ψ = LÙ Ψ
S/t = - (. (4.7)) . , i LÙ . Ù. Ù = i LÙ (1),
i Ψ /t = HÙ Ψ (15)!!
, , .
, , . , (. 4 ),
HÙ = p Ù2/2m + U(r) = - (ħ2/2m)D + U(r) (16)!
U(r) , , Δ . (16)!! :
HÙ = - (ħ2/2)Sa(Da/ma) + U(r 1, r 2, ) (17)!
(14) (2)
i ħΨ/t = - (ħ2/2m)DΨ + U(r)Ψ (16)
, . Ùψ = ψ ( ), (14),
(ħ2/2m)Dψ + [E - U(r)]ψ = 0 (17)
, . , (15)
Ψ = ψe-iEt/, (18)
ψ . , ( ) (17).
4
.
.
, , , :
Ùψ = ψ (1)
( ) , (3.14) Ù,
(2/2m)Δψ + [E U(r)] ψ = 0 (2)
(3.16) Ψ (3.18). (2.6) :
A = ∫ Ψ * Ù Ψ d3r = ∫ ψ * Ù ψ d3r (3)
( e-iEt/ Ù, , (e-iEt/)* = eiEt/), .. ψ. (3) , , .
(U(r) = 0), , , (2) (3.6) , ,
E = p2/2m (4)
, : . (. 2), , . ( (2/2m)Δ pÙ = -i Ñ , , Δ = Ñ2.)
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( . 2), ( = 0) (3.6), p).
( ) , . 0 < x < a
ψ + (2m/ 2) ψ = 0 (5)
ψ + (2m/ 2)(E U0) ψ = 0 (6)
< U0. , (p2/2m + U = E). (6)
ψ = Ce+-κx, κ = (1/ )(2m(U0 E))1/2 (7)
- → +-∞ + . , , .
(5) ( )
ψ = Dsin(kx + b), k = (1/ )(2mE)1/2 (8)
D b . , (7) (8), .. ψ = 0 = , ψ. : : U0 → ∞. , , ..
ψ (0) = ψ() = 0 (9)
(8) b k: b = 0, k = πn/a,
En = ((π )2/2ma2)n2, n = 1, 2, 3 (10)
.. , (10) ( ), (.) , . ( , .)
ψn = (2/a)1/2sin πn/a (11)
. (|ψ|2 = 0) .
, a, b c
En1g2n3 = ((π )2/2m))(n12/a2 + n22/b2 + n32/c2)
ψ n1g2n3 = (8/abc)1/2sin πn1 /a sin πn2 y/b sin πn3 z/c!!
( ) U(x) = αx2/2. , ( ) ω = (α/m)1/2 (m ),
Ù = pÙ2/2m + m ω2x2/2 = ω(b+b + ½) (12)
b = (1/2mω)1/2(pÙ - iωmx) (13)
b+ = (1/2mω)1/2(pÙ + iωmx) (14)
(3.13). b b+:
bb+ - b+b = 1 (15)
, (, 1925). (15) b (bb+b - b+bb = b) (12),
bÙ - Ùb = ωb (16)
:
ωbik = Σl(bilHlk Hilblk) = (Ek Ei) bik (17)
, : Hlk = Ekδlk (. 2). (17) (Ek Ei - ω)bik = 0, , bik i k, Ek Ei ω = 0. , ω . , i k , bn-1,n = βn. n = 0, β0 = 0, n 1 . , ( )
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En = ω(n + ½) (18)
, ω, b+b n + γ (. (12)), γ = 0, β0 = 0.
, (18), , .. . , . .
.. . . . ( ) .
5
. , U1(.. ) , , , U2. . ( ). , Umax, , , , . ( , : = U + T, T = mv2/2.) , . , , D ( E > U2) R ( ).
. U1 = U2 = 0, Ub. . . . (. (3.6) (4.4)) :
ψ = eipx/ + r e-px/ < 0!! (1)
ψ- , 1. E = p2/2m:
ψ = deipx/ > a (2)
, , (2) .
ψ = beiκx/ + ce-iκx/ 0 < < a (3)
κ E = Ub + κ2/2m ( ). , κ E > Ub, κ = iγ, γ E < Ub.
2- ψ, , ( ). , () ψ ψ = 0 = :
1 + r = b + c, beiκa/ + ce-iκa/ = deipa/ = 0, ,
p(1 r) = κ(b c), κ(beiκa/ - ceiκa/) = pdeipa/ - .
4- 4 (1)-(3) r, d, b, c. , . D = |d|2 :
D = 4p2κ2[(p2 κ2)2sin2aκ + 4p2κ2]-1 E > Ub
D = 4p2γ2[(p2 + γ2)2sh2aγ + 4 p2γ2]-1 E < Ub (4)
D : | ψ|2 d d (. 1) . R = |r|2 . : D + R = 1; , : .
(4). , Ub >> aγ >> 1, D ≈ 16(E/ Ub)e-2aγ, .. , . , , .
Ub = 0 , , D = 1. , D = 1 (E > Ub) aκ = πn . , , (D < 1 Ub < 0, aκ ≠ πn).
(. (2.7))
M = r × p (5)
( 2) , . , l: M = l. (5)
lÙx = ypÙz - zpÙy, lÙy = zpÙx - xpÙz, lÙz = xpÙy - ypÙx!! (6)
( (3.3) ) , :
{ lÙy, lÙz} = ilÙx, { lÙz, lÙx} = ilÙy, { lÙx, lÙy} = ilÙz (7)
( : {aÙ, bÙ} ≡ aÙ bÙ - bÙ aÙ.) , : , .
, l Ù2 lÙx, lÙy, lÙz, , (. . ) .
lÙz l Ù2 :
lÙz = - i∂/∂φ (8)
l Ù2 = - [sin-2θ∂2/∂φ2 + sin-1θ∂/∂θ(sinθ∂/∂θ) (9)
lÙz, .. lÙz ψ = mψ ( m) (8):
- i∂/∂φ ψ = mψ (10)
ψm = f(r, θ)eimφ (11)
f r θ. φ 2π , ψm φ φ + 2π, .. e2πim = 1, , m .
, l2 l Ù2
l2 = l (l + 1) (12)
l , l m :
m = - l, - l + 1, - l + 2, , l 2, l -1, l (13)
.. 2 l + 1 . - .
.. , .. .
φ θ , , l m, () . φ.
6
.
.
, - , l, m. , .. ? , : U(r) = U(r). , HÙ = p Ù2/2m + U(r) ( !), p Ù2 Δ (. (3.3)),
Δ = (1/r2)(∂/∂r)r2∂/∂r + (1/r2)[ sin-2θ∂2/∂φ2 + sin-1θ∂/∂θ(sinθ∂/∂θ]
, (5.8), (5.9), lÙz l Ù2 ( Δ). U(r) , .
, , , ,
U(r) = -Ze2/r (1)
(Ze ), . , , 1913 .
E = - (1/2n2) m(Ze2)2/ 2!! (2)
n . n l n :
l = 0, 1, , n 1 (3)
, l m, , . m , : (. ) z. l () , l , 1/r.
1927 . , , . . s l, s2 (5.12):
s2 = s (s + 1) (4)
σ m, . (5.13):
σ = - s, - s + 1, - s + 2, , s 2, s -1, s (5)
: s
s = 0, ½, 1, 3/2, 2 (6)
: , (. 11 ).
. s = ½, (4) - 2 : ½ -1/2. , .
. , σ. .
, n, l, m σ . (3), (5.13) σ, , (, (3), n) 2n2- . , 2 , 8 . . , .
, - ( ), - . .
:
HÙ = HÙ0 + VÙ (7)
VÙ HÙ0. , ψ(0)n (0)n , . .
HÙ0 ψ(0) = E(0)ψ(0) (8)
HÙ ψ = (HÙ0 + VÙ)ψ = Eψ (9)
.. ψn n HÙ.
. ψ ψ(0)n:
ψ = Smcm ψ(0)m (10)
, (10 (9), (8), ψ(0)k* :
(E - E(0)k)ck = Sm Vkmcm (11)
Vkm = ∫ ψ(0)k* VÙψ(0)m dq (12)
ck V
ck = ck(0) + ck(1) + , E = E(0) + E(1) + (13)
, .. (9) , , ψn = ψ(0)n, , (10) : (0)n = 1, c(0)m = 0 m ≠ n. (13) (11), . k = n :
En(1) = Vnn = ∫ ψ(0)n* VÙψ(0)n dq (14)
, n- ψ(0)n (c. (2.6)). (11) k ≠ n :
Ck(1) = Vkn/(E(0)n - E(0)k) (15)
, (11) k = n , :
En(2) = Sm¹n|Vmn|2/(E(0)n - E(0)m) (16)
() (16).
7
, , , . (6.15), (6.16) : , , (6.15) m k , . , Ek En, ck . ( ).
, , 2 . ck , :
(E E(0)1)c1 (V11c1 + V12c2) = 0
(E E(0)2)c2 (V21c1 + V22c2) = 0 (1)
1 2 . . , :
| E(0)1 + V11 V12 |
| V21 E(0)2 + V22 | = 0 (2)
, ( ), :
E = ½[E(0)1 + E(0)2 + V11 + V22 +- ((E(0)1 - E(0)2 + V11 - V22)2 + 4| V12|2)1/2] (3)
, V21 = V12* (. (2.5) ). E(0)1 = E(0)2 (3) ( V11 = V22 = 0):
= E(0) +- | V12| (4)
.. : 2| V12| .
. , . :
V = - e E r (5)
.
() !! (6.2) n = 1, ( ). (6.16), V. n = 2, . n = 2 4 ( ), , z E, (5) m. , Vn l m, n l m = 0 m ≠ m ( lz (5)). V n = 2 l = 0, m = 0 l = 1, m = 0 (.. ) , (4), 2|V200, 210| ≈ e E ra, ra .
(3.6) (3.5) v << c : = p2/2m + eφ, p = P (e/c) A, φ , A . (φ = 0), , HÙ = (1/2m)(P - (e/c) A) 2, P = = - iÑ ( (3.3) , ). , .
HÙ = (1/2m)(P - (e/c) A) 2 (e/mc)σ H (6)
σ , z (. 6, σ = +- ½), z .
, , , (6) , , A , = 0 ( -).
( z), :
Ax = - H y, Ay = Az = 0 (rot A = H) (7)
( ). HÙψ = ψ
ψ = exp[i(pxx + pzz)]/χ(y) (8)
c (7) χ
HÙ = - (eσ H /mc) + (pz2/2m) + (mω2/2)(y y0)2 + pyÙ2/2m (9)
y0 = - cpx/e H (10)
ω = |e| H /mc (11)
ω (. (4.12). HÙ ( y y0) (4.12) , , (4.18), :
E = (n + ½ + σ)ω + pz2/2m (12)
.., . (8) pxÙ pzÙ p pz (. (3.6)). , (12) . , p ≠ mvx, , (9), (10), 0 - 0.
8
. .
6 . : , (4.2) , ? , , , , , . : . , ( ); , .
, , , : . . : r 1, r 2 : y(r 1, r 2) = - y(r 2, r 1) ( ). , , y = 0 r 1 = r 2. .. , . , , , , . ( ) , , .
(. , . , 1927). 6 ( , ), 7 , - , . 2. , , , , . ,
Ù = Ù0 + VÙ, Ù0 = p Ù12/2m + p Ù22/2m e2(r11-1 + r22-1),
VÙ = -e2(r12-1 + r21-1 r-1) (1)
1 2 , r11 (, r22 ), r12 r21 , r . ( VÙ) y : YI = y(r 11)y(r 22) ( ). , , ( ) , YI : YII = y(r 21)y(r 12). ( 7),
Y = IYI + cIIYII, (2)
(7.1). (7.1) D :
D = 2|VI, II|, (3)
, (7.1) ( E(0)I = E(0)II, VI,I = VII,II VI,II = VII,I) cII = - I, cII = I. , , .. , - . , VI,II < 0. :
VI, II = ∫YI VÙYIId3r1dr2 =
= - e2∫y(r 11)y(r 22)y(r 21)y(r 12) (r12-1 + r21-1 r-1) d3r1dr2 (4)
, - : , 0 y(r 12), - y(r 21). , : VI, II, - . , ( !). , () , , .
. , YI YII , .. L = ∫YI YIId3r1dr2 ¹ 0, . , (3) VI, II 2LVI,I, .
. (4), , .. , . : , (, , ).
. , :
Ù = - 2JSab s a s b (5)
, s a , J . , . , , , . , J , J . 2, ¼ ( ), -3/4 . .. (3): D, (3), J = VI, II. , , (5) (1) , (5) .