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2.3.1 , 3.

2.3.2 1 , 2 5 .

2.3.3 4 , 10 11 .

2.3.4 () :

fb =åb -åb, , (2.1)

fb - ' ;

åb - () 2;

åb - ,

åb = 180 (n 2), (2.2)

n - .

: åb=b1+b2+b3+b4 =12746¢,0+9208¢,5+6927¢,5+7039¢,5=36001¢,5

åb = 180 (n 2) = 180 (4 2) =36000¢,

' fb = 36001¢,5 -36000¢= + 1¢,5.

2.3.5 '

fb = 1¢ = 2,0¢, (2.3)

fb - () ' ,

n - .

2.3.6 fb fb , ,

db = , (2.4)

fb - ' ,

- .

2.3.7 0,1¢ 2. , .

. db = 0,375¢ = - 0,4¢.

. ådb = - fb..

2.3.8 3.

b = bn db, (2.5)

bn - ;

db - .

. b1 = 12746,0¢+(-0,3¢)=12745,7¢.

b2 = 9208,5¢+(-0,4¢)=9208,1¢.

åb = åb..

2.3.9 4

a n = an-1 + 180 - bn , (2.6)

a n - ;

an-1 - ;

bn - .

. a1-2 =35948¢,0,

(2.6) :

a2-3 = 359 48,0¢ +180 - 9208,1¢ = 8739,9¢;

a3-4 = 8739,9¢ +180 - 6927,1¢ = 19812,8¢;

a4-1 = 19812,8¢ +180 - 7039,1¢ =30733,7¢.

2.3.10 a1-2 , : a1-2 =a4-1 + 180 - b1 = 307 33,7¢ +180 - 12745,7¢ = 359 48¢,0.

. 䒺, 360, - 360, 360.

2.3.11 6,7

Ssa, = Ssina, (2.7)

S ;

a - .

. a1-2 =35948',0; S1-2 = 166,20, D1-2 = 166,20× cos 35948',0 = + 166,20; DY1-2 = 166,20 × sin 35948',0 = - 0,58 .

2.3.12 2.1.

2.1-

,
I (a=0¸ 90) II(a=90¸180) III (a=180¸ 270) IU (a=270¸ 360)
DC + - - +
DU + + - -

 

2.3.13 ', :

1) '

= å ; y , (2.8)

å - 6,7.

. = - 0,12; y = + 0,13.

2) '

= (2.9)

3)

= = (2.10)

- ';

- .

2.3.14 ,

d = , d = , (2.11)

, y - ' ;

- ;

S - .

6 7 .

. åd = - , åd = - .

. 1-2: d = ,

d = .

2.3.12 8 9

DC. =DC dC , DU.= DU dU, (2.12)

DC, DU ;

dC, dU, - ;

. DC1-2 = +166,20 + 0,03 = 166,23; DU.1-2 = - 0,58 0,03 = -0,61.

. , åDC. = 0; åDU.= 0.

2.3.13

X = X -1 DX; Y = Y -1 DY , (2.13)

X, Y - ;

X -1, Y -1 - ;

DC. , DU. .

. C2= +60,29 +166,23 = +226,52; U2 =+130,13 + (-0,61) =+129,52;

C3=+226,52+6,47 = +232,99; U3= +129,52+157,95= +287,47.

. : C1 =-1,36+ 61,65 =+ 60,29; U1 = + 210,28 80,15 = +130,13.

 

2.4

2.4.1 1:1000 , () .

2.4.2 10 1. , .2.1. ǒ , , 10. ǒ 10 . ѳ . -, . 0,3 .

2.4.3 , , 3, 10,11, , . .

2.1

 

2.4.4 , , 100 .

2.4.5 , . 3 10,11 - .

. 1= +60,29 , 1= +130,13 . (00;100). 00 60,29, 璺 , 100 130,13 100 = 30,13 , .2.2.

.2.2  

1,5 , , , 3.

2.4.6 . ³ ( 4,5). 0,3 .

2.4.7 1:1000 . 2 , 4. 璺 . :

1) , :

) 2 1-2 9220' 40,90, 40,9 1:1000;

) 1-4 1 55 07' 47,30 ;

2) () 2-3. 2-3, . ;

3) 3-4;

4) , 40,0, .

2.4.8 5. , 66 . . ˳ , 3 . ϳ . ϳ .

 

3 Բ IJ ̲Ҳ

 

3.1.1 , () .

3.1.2 .

3.1.3 :

1) ;

2) ;

3) ;

4) ;

5) ;

6) ;

7) 1:1000.

 

3.2.1 1. , .

3.2.2 2 3. , .

3.2.3 Rp1 : , , = 0. , 82 - 144. 1 = 44,440. .

3.2.4 .4. , .

3.2.5 .5.

3.2.6 () 2.

 

 





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