.


:




:

































 

 

 

 





, , , S2>S1. ΔS = S2 S1, ΔS > 0.

, , ..

 
 


ΔS > 0 (10)

 
 


S = max ΔS = 0 (11)

5: .

: , : . .

 

2 () + Cl2 () 2Cl ()

S298, /∙ 131 223 187

ΔS- = 2∙S(Cl) [S(2) + S(Cl2)]

ΔS- = 2∙187 (131 + 223) = 20 /

: ∆S>0, , .

, , , , , .

3.4. (- )

 

. , , .

, , , .. , , , , .. .

, , - , G.

 
 


∆G = ∆H T∆S (12)

 

. . , ∆ , : Q1 = ∆.

ҷ∆S , .

T = const , , , : Q2 = ҷ∆S.

∆G , ∆G = Q1 - Q2, , .. , . , ∆G (P = const, T = const).

(12) I II .

:

 

 

 

 


,

,

∆G < 0 (13)

 

.

∆G > 0, . ∆G = 0, , .

) , , (∆H ∆S):

 
 


∆G = Σ i∆G298 - Σ i∆G298 . (14)

∆G / .

) ∆G , . ∆Ͱ ∆S.

, (.. ∆G<0) :

- (∆Ͱ<0), |∆| > |ҷ∆S|, .. , .

- (∆Ͱ>0), |∆| < |ҷ∆S|, .. , .

6: 100.

: , ∆G = ∆H T∆S. ∆Ͱ298 S298

 

 

N2() + 3H2() 2NH3()

∆Ͱ298, / 0 0 - 46

S298 , / 131 192 193

 

1)

∆Ͱ = 2∆Ͱ(NH3) [3∆Ͱ(H2) + ∆Ͱ(N2)]

∆Ͱ = 2(-46) (30 + 0) = -92 ()

∆Ͱ<0,

2)

∆S = 2S(NH3) [3S(H2) + S(N2)]

∆S = 2193 (3192+ 131) = 386 707 = - 321(/)

, ∆Ͱ ( )

∆S= - 0,321/

3)

∆G = ∆H T∆S = 100 + 273 = 373

∆G = -92 373 (-0,321) = -92 + 119,73 = 27,73 ()

∆G > 0, ( ). .

 

3.5.

 

. , ∆G < 0, . , ∆G > 0, . .

, . :

1) , ()

2) Σ∆G < 0

, . , -1- , () .

-1-
+ 2

       
   
 
 

 

 


∆G = 17 + ( 30) = -13


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