, . :
H2SO4 | + | Mg | = | MgSO4 | + | H2 |
H2SO4 | + | MgO | = | MgSO4 | + | H2O |
SO3, . , , , :
SO3, H2SO4 MgSO4. , ( ) (, ).
: ) ) .
4.1. .
H2SO4 H2SO3 HNO3 H3PO4 H2CO3 H2SiO3 | HF HCl ( ) HBr HI H2S |
, , ( ), ( 2 ) ( 3 ), . 4.2:
4.2. .
HNO3 HF HCl HBr HI | H2SO4 H2SO3 H2S H2CO3 H2SiO3 | H3PO4 |
, , .. - NaOH KOH:
HNO3 + NaOH = NaNO3 + H2O
HCl + KOH = KCl + H2O
, :
H2SO4 + 2 NaOH = Na2SO4 + 2 H2O
H3PO4 + 3 NaOH = Na3PO4 + 3 H2O
.
1. . ( ) . . . , .
. , .
|
|
2. . , . , . . :
H2SO4 | + | Ca(OH)2 | = | CaSO4 | + | 2 H2O |
H3PO4 | + | Fe(OH)3 | = | FePO4 | + | 3 H2O |
2 H3PO4 | + | 3 Ca(OH)2 | = | Ca3(PO4)2 | + | 6 H2O |
, . , , . , NaOH KOH:
H2SiO3 + 2 NaOH = Na2SiO3 + 2H2O
3. . :
= | + | |||||
2 HCl | + | CaO | = | CaCl2 | + | H2O |
2 H3PO4 | + | Fe2O3 | = | 2 FePO4 | + | 3 H2O |
, . , .
, ( ). , , . FePO4, .
4. . ( , ).
-, () . , , , . , , .
+ | = | + | H2 | |||
HCl | + | Hg | = | |||
2 HCl | + | 2 Na | = | 2 NaCl | + | H2 |
H2SO4 | + | Zn | = | ZnSO4 | + | H2 |
(. 4-3). , . , .
4.3. .
, | , |
K Ba Ca Na Mg Al Mn Zn Cr Fe Ni Sn Pb (H) | Cu Hg Ag Pt Au |
-, , . 4-3. H+.
, (, , ..) , , , , , ( ).
|
|
, () . 4.3.
. 4.4 .
4.4. .
HI | HF |
HBr | H3PO4 |
HCl | H2SO3 |
H2SO4 | H2S |
HNO3 | H2CO3 |
HmnO4 | H2SiO3 |
H2CrO4 |
, . . , +5. N+5, H+, . - . , S+6 . - : , , . :
Cu + 4 HNO3(.) =Cu(NO3)2 + 2 NO2 + 2 H2O
3 Cu + 8HNO3(.) = 3 Cu(NO3)2 + 2 NO + 4 H2O
8 K + 5 H2SO4(.) = 4 K2SO4 + H2S + 4 H2O
3 Zn + 4 H2SO4(.) = 3 ZnSO4 + S + 4 H2O
, , (.. ) .
Al, Fe, Cr, Ni (). , , , .
. , .