- , 24 , 7 52 . , .
- . , , , . . . , , - , . . .
, (, ) .
. , - , , , - .
XX . . 20- 50- . , . , , . .
. , (, ), , , , . . , , , . . , ( , , . ., . . , ).
, . :
- :
- ;
- ;
- .
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. ( 1915 .), 1967 . .
1950- 1970- . . , .
, , . . " ".
() . , : , , - , . . , .
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- ( );
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- .
70- . ( ) - . . , . , , , , , , . , .
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, 1980- 1990- . " ", , , , ( ). , (, .), , .
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- ();
- ;
- ;
- TQM ( );
- ;
- .
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- .
9.2 /
, , / (requirements/resource planning, RP).
, . , , .. .
/ , . , .
, /, / (materials/manufacturing requirements/resource planning, MRPI/MRPII), - / (distribution requirements/resource planning, DRP I/DRP II).
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MRP I / MRP II. 60- , , . , , , , , , . , , , .. , , . , MRP (Material Requirements Planning).
, , , . MRP , , , , .
, MRP , , .
( , ), ( , , , ()).
MRP :
- , ;
- , , ;
- , , .
MRP I , . MRP I ( ). MRP I , JIT-, , .
, MRP I-, , :
- , , ;
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- ;
- , ;
- - .
MRP I . MRP II, , . MRP II , . MRP II MRP I , , , , . MRP II .
MRP I MRP II. MRP II , , . MRP I , : , , , .
, MRP II, (on line), , .
ERP. ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning System ) MRP I / MRP II. ERP- , , .
ERP . . , , , . , . , , .
DRP. / , / (DRP). DRP MRP . , /, .
MRP , - . DRP , . MRP DRP, . . MRP . DRP .
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DRP (), (). (stockkeeping unit, SKU) , . SKU .
, DRP, ; ; ; .
DRP:
- DRP ;
- DRP ;
- , , , .
.
1980- / - DRP II, . DRP II , , on line. DRP II , , . , , , .
/ JIT. (just-in-time, JIT). : , , , , ( - ) . , , .
. () , , , , . , , , .
:
- () , , ;
- () ;
- ();
- ;
- ;
- .
. , , , , , . , , () . JIT - .
JIT , , , , , , , , . . - JIT II.
JIT II , . , JIT II, .
9.3
/ , (demand-driven techniques, DDT). RP / . : (), , .
() (rules based reorder RBR) , () ROP (reorder point) . 3 . R , , - . RBR , .
(quick response, QR) . . , . , - 15 13 , . , , . , , , .
(continuous replenishment, CR) . , . (-) . , . ( ) . , . , : -, ; -, .
(automatic replenishment, AR). ( ) . , , . . . , .
9.4
1980- , / .
SCM . SCM . SCM , . , , , : , , , , .
SCM- :
SCP (Supply Chain Planning) . SCP . SCP . , SCP- : , , , .