. .
, , , .. : ̻, , , .
: :
1. , ( ).
2. .
: ) 2- 3- ;
) .
. mxn , m n . |
, , , , .
11 12 . 1n i - , 1≤ i≤ m
= 21 22 . 2n = (aij)mxn, j , 1≤ j≤ n
m1 am2 . amn m xn
m=n, .
1x n A=(a1 a2 an)1xn, -.
mx1, ( - ).
b1
B = b2
.
bn mx1
aij= 0, : O = ()mxn
aij= 0, i≠j
m=n
aij≠0, i=j
,
2 0 0
= 0 1 0
0 0 6
,
1 0 . 0
=0 1 . 0
.
0 0 . 1
=(aij)mxn B=(bij)mxn , .
A=B aij=bij
.
, . , .
.
=(aij)mxn B=(bij)mxn . .
C = A+B=(aij +bij)mxn
.
=(aij) k
B=k=(kaij)mxn
:
1. +=+ .
2. ++=(+)+=+(+)
3. +0=
4. kA=Ak
5. k(A+B)=kA+kB .
6. (k1+k2)A=k1A+k2A .
7. k1Ak2=(k1k2)=k1(Ak2)
.
, .
= (ij)mx = (bij)pxn. = (cij)mxn, cij i- j- . |
|
|
. bij
= 21 22 . 2n - i - B = b2j
..
bpj pxn
j -
j
Cmxn = Cij i
cij = ai1 b1j + ai2 b2j + + aip bpj |
.
3 1 6 1 4 3*1+1*2+6*(-1) 12+3-6 - 1 9
0 -1 2 2 3 = 0*1+(-1)*2+2*(-1) 0-2-2 = - 4 -4
5 2 4 3 x3 -1 -1 3x2 5+4-4 20+6-4 3x2 5 22
, . , .
Bpxn*Amxp , m≠n.
, , ≠ , . .
1. ( + ) = + ( )
2. k(AB) = (kA)B = A(kB)
3. ABC = (AB)C = A(BC)
4. AE = EA, , , .
5. Ap = A*A*AA - ( )
.
Amxn , .
11 21 . am1
A'= = 12 22 . am2
1n a2n . amn nxm
.
1.(A')' = A 3.(A+B)' = A'+B'
2.(kA') = kA 4.(AB)' = B' A'
.
A = (a11) ∆=|A| = a11
11 12 11 12
A2x2 = │22│= = 11 22 - 12 21 ,
21 22 21 22 2-
.
33 3-
.
a11 12 13
∆ 21 22 23 = a11 a22 a33 + 12 23 31 + 21 32 13-13 22 a31 -
31 32 33 - 23 32 11- 12 21 33
......
......
......
+ -
3- n-
1. 3- , aij, 2- , aij. |
22 23
11 11= aij Mij
32 33
2. aij , (-1)i+j |
aij ij = (-1)i+j * Mij |
.
, a21 21 = - M21, a31 31 = M31
. ( 3- ). ∆, , - , (, 1- .)
∆ = 112233 + 122331 + 213213 132231 233211 - 122333 =
= 11(2233 2332) 12(2133 2331) + 13(2132 2231) =
22 23 21 23 21 22
= 11 - 12 + 13 = ∆
32 33 31 33 31 32
∆ = 1111 + 1212 + 1313 |
. - .
.
1. .
11 12 13 22 32 21 31 21 31
∆ = 21 22 23 = 11 - 12 + 13 = ∆
|
|
31 32 33 23 33 23 33 22 32
0 0 0
2. ∆ = 21 22 23 = 0
31 32 33
3. - .
11 12 13
k21 k22 k23 = ka21A21+ ka22A22 + ka23A23 = k ∆
31 32 33
4. ( ) , .
5. , .
12 11 13
∆ = 21 21 23 = -∆ ( 1 2 , .4);
31 31 33
6. , . 3 5.
7. - .
:
31 32 33
∆ = 21 22 23 = 0 ( 5)
31 32 33
1- ( ). ∆ = a3111 + 3212+ 3313 = 0. ∆ 1- , .
8. b1, b2 , b3 , b1, b2, b3.
b1 12 13
b1A11+ b2A21 + b3A31 = b2 22 23
b3 32 33
9. - , , , .
11 12 13+k 11
21 22 23+k 21 = (a13+ka11)A13+(a23+ka21)A23+(a33+ka31)A33=
31 32 33+k 31
= a13A13+a23A23+a33A33+k(a11 A13+a21 A23+a31 A33)= ∆ + k0 = ∆
( 7)
10. |AB|=|A|*|B|