.
- .
() , . () n, l, m l, : n, l, m l m s.
n - (), n = 1,2,3∞, . n, .
l - , 0 (n-1) . ( ). n n ( ).
m l - , m l = - l, , 0, , + l, (2 l +1) m l (2 l +1) .m l - ( ). .
n- n2.
ms , ms : +½ (↑) -½ (↓). - , ( ).
↑↓ |
n- 2n2.
(n=1) → (1s) 1 2 ē
(n=2) → (2s, 2p) 4 8 ē
(n=3) → (3s, 3p, 3d) 9 18 ē
(n=4) → (4s, 4p, 4d, 4f) 16 32 ē
s<p<d<f
: n, l, m l (.. , , ), □
s □ l = 0 m l = 0
()
p □□□ l = 1 m l = -1,0,+1
()
d □□□□□ l = 2 m l = -2,-1,0,+1,+2
(4- )
f □□□□□□□ l = 3 m l = -3,-2,-1,0,+1,+2,+3
( )
S - | p |
d |
1. , . min E 1s.
|
|
2. . - (n+ l), (n+ l) n
1s<2s<2p<3s<3p<4s≈3d<4p<5s≈4d<5p<6s≈5d≈4f<6p<7s≈6d≈5f<7p
4s (n+l) =4+0=4. 3d (n+l) =3+2=5
3. - , n, l, m l, ms. , , (↑↑ ↓↓ - ).
↑↓ |
4. , l, m l , ( ).
4
↑↓ | ↑ | ↑ |
Max ∑ ms = ½ - ½ + ½ + ½ = 1
- . ē, .
15 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3 - .
3s2 3p3 3s 3p
↓↑ | ↓ | ↓ | ↓ |
. 3p3: n=3, l =1 m l = -1,0,+1 ( ), ms = +½ -½.
4 , s-, p-, d-, f- .
:
s- ( I, II, ) ns1-2, n-
19 4s1
p- (IIIVIII) ns2np1-6,
4B 2s22p1
d- (IVIII) (n-1)d1-10ns2(1,0 ) (n-1) ,
21Sc 3d14s2
( Pd; ns1,0 ns- (n-1)d , (n-1)d10 (n-1)d5 d9 d4)
f- ( ) (n-2)f1-14(n-1)d1(0)ns2 (n-2) (d0 d-)
64Gd 4 f7 5d1 6 s2
- . . () (*) .
, ( 2d-)
.
Mg3s2 (=0), 3s-ē *=2.
Cl3s23p5 ( ) : =1, *= 3, 5, 7 - d -
C3d74s2 0=0 . *=2,3,4,5, 3d ē ( n=3 f-).
: