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:




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. 45 3





. 69

, , ó , . , . , , . , , 1860 1861 . 28). . , . . , , , , . ., , . . , , , , , . . .

[25] , , , -

28) , , , , , (Reports by Her Maj[esty]'s Secretaries of Embassy and Legation, the Manufactures etc. N 7, 1864, p. 9). , , , , .

, , (1. ).

, (shrewd calculators) ( , . 10, , ), (safer) . , . , , 27, , --- .



.


. (, , , . , .)

, , , . , . , . , , . , . , , , , , , , , *. [25]

[24] , . . , . , , , , , , . , 29).

, ,

* : , , . .. .

28) , , , , (An Inquiry into those Principles, respecting the Nature of Demand etc.. London, 1821, p. 6, 7).


. 71

, . , , [25] , . -, , , . , , , , . , , , , , , , . . , , . . , . . , , , , , ,, , ,; ( . .), , . , , . , -, , , . ., , . , , ,; -, (Calandra granaria) 30).

30) - J. Curtis. Farm Insects [GIasgow, Edinburgh, and London 1860] Kirby and Spence, aEntomology [London, 1856].



.


- , , 5 6045 . , , , , , . , , , , 68 . , , 31).

- , , , , , . , , , . , , - , (Royal Commission on Railways. Minutes of Evidence. London, 1867, p. 844, N 17253).

[26] , , , , , , . () .

, ,

31} 1841 . 9 ; ½%, 3 % , 2 % , 1 % , ½ % , 1 %, , 50 , 3 6 (Th. Corbet. An Inquiry into the Causes and Modes of the Wealth of Individuals; or the Principles of Trade and Speculation. London, 1841 [p. 140]). , , 1865 . 2 . , 9 10 . (Royal Commission on Railways. Minutes of Evidence. London, 1867, p. 19, N 331).


. 73

, , -, . , 1860 1861 . 32*. , , -. 1862, 1863 1864 :

1862, 1863 1864 . 33)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

        3 ,
533 176 000 691847 000 896 770000  
............. 216 963000 260 934000 247 194000  
316 213000 430 913000 649 576 000 1187 369000
. 53 756 000 64 637 000    
262 457 000 366 276 000 558 636 000  
.............. 88 554000 70 678 000 71 951000 (71351000?)  
 
................ 324128 000 321 561 000 332 048 000  
 
............ 412 682000 392 239 000   403 999 000 (403 399 000?) 1208 920 000
 

32)' 1860 . 1 429 697 450 -, 1861 . i 359 823 120 .

33} ( 1866 .) 28.



.


: 1862, 1863 1864 . 1 208 920 000 , 1 187 369 000 . , 1862, 1863 1864 . , . , , .

, 34).

[27] *

, , , , . , . . , . , , , . , , , , , , , , 35). , . , , , .

34) : , . 446 [ , 23, . 466]. , (Commercial Re-ports from Her M's Consuls in China, Japan, and Siam. 1865 66. London, 1867, p. 253).

* . 74-77 ( , 24, . 169171). - . .

35) circulation factice [ ].


. 75

,; , .

. , , , , . , . , , . , , , . , , , . , , , , . , , , .

: , , -. , , , . , . , .

, , . . , , , , -



.


, , , , 36).

, , , . cum grano salis *. , , , , . . , , , , , . . , . , , , .

, , 11 . . crate ( ), 2 , ., , , . 50 10 . , , . , 37).

36) ,
, , .
(!)
(J. . Say [Traité d'économie politique. Quatrième
édition, Paris, 1819], II, . 458). ,
? , -,
, -, , .
, ,
,
, .
(Ricardo. Principles of Pol. Êcon.
3~d ed. London, 1821, p. 309310, note).

* . .

37) Royal Commission Railways, p. 31, N 630,
, , ,


.



[28] , , , , , , , 38).

, , , 39).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 
....................... .................... ..................... 960 000 642 750 33 750 000 2 250 009 18 000
..................
......................
.......................
 

17241816 ., 18191822 . 1822 . , .

1 1862 . .

. 1792 40).

, , , , ó , -.

38) Evidence.

39) Royal Commimon Railways. Minutes of Evidence. London, 1867, p. 853. 1 000 ( 200 . .) 23⅓ % , , , , , , (Reports Her Majesty's Secretaries of Embassy etc. London, 1867, Nr. 1, p. 262).

40) 1792 . 6 851 , 1863 . 247 101 (Reports by Her Ma}esty's Secretaries of Embassy etc. London, 1867, Nr. 6, p. 794, 797. Report by Mr. Lumley, the Tea Trade of Russia).



.


, , , , , . . , , , , : , -. , .

, , , ; ó - , . - . , 200 . 40 , , , 500 . , - , Kising *, . , 1 500 . , , 15 . [29] - , 200 . , 10 , 22 . ( ), 252 , , , 1 282 , . , , 23 . , , , .

, - . . 350 () 40 . , . , , ; . , , ... , , .

* . . .


. 79

, , , , . , . , , , , , , , , , . 12 . , ; , . - . , , 6 , . :





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