. 69
, , ó , . , . , , . , , 1860 1861 . 28). . , . . , , , , . ., , . . , , , , , . . .
[25] , , , -
28) , , , , , (Reports by Her Maj[esty]'s Secretaries of Embassy and Legation, the Manufactures etc. N 7, 1864, p. 9). , , , , .
, , (1. ).
, (shrewd calculators) ( , . 10, , ), (safer) . , . , , 27, , --- .
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.
. (, , , . , .)
, , , . , . , . , , . , . , , , , , , , , *. [25]
[24] , . . , . , , , , , , . , 29).
, ,
* : , , . .. .
28) , , , , (An Inquiry into those Principles, respecting the Nature of Demand etc.. London, 1821, p. 6, 7).
. 71
, . , , [25] , . -, , , . , , , , . , , , , , , , . . , , . . , . . , , , , , ,, , ,; ( . .), , . , , . , -, , , . ., , . , , ,; -, (Calandra granaria) 30).
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30) - J. Curtis. Farm Insects [GIasgow, Edinburgh, and London 1860] Kirby and Spence, aEntomology [London, 1856].
.
- , , 5 6045 . , , , , , . , , , , 68 . , , 31).
- , , , , , . , , , . , , - , (Royal Commission on Railways. Minutes of Evidence. London, 1867, p. 844, N 17253).
[26] , , , , , , . () .
, ,
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31} 1841 . 9 ; ½%, 3 % , 2 % , 1 % , ½ % , 1 %, , 50 , 3 6 (Th. Corbet. An Inquiry into the Causes and Modes of the Wealth of Individuals; or the Principles of Trade and Speculation. London, 1841 [p. 140]). , , 1865 . 2 . , 9 10 . (Royal Commission on Railways. Minutes of Evidence. London, 1867, p. 19, N 331).
. 73
, , -, . , 1860 1861 . 32*. , , -. 1862, 1863 1864 :
1862, 1863 1864 . 33)
3 , | ||||
533 176 000 | 691847 000 | 896 770000 | ||
............. | 216 963000 | 260 934000 | 247 194000 | |
316 213000 | 430 913000 | 649 576 000 | 1187 369000 | |
. | 53 756 000 | 64 637 000 | ||
262 457 000 | 366 276 000 | 558 636 000 | ||
.............. | 88 554000 | 70 678 000 | 71 951000 (71351000?) | |
................ | 324128 000 | 321 561 000 | 332 048 000 | |
............ | 412 682000 | 392 239 000 | 403 999 000 (403 399 000?) | 1208 920 000 |
32)' 1860 . 1 429 697 450 -, 1861 . i 359 823 120 .
33} ( 1866 .) 28.
.
: 1862, 1863 1864 . 1 208 920 000 , 1 187 369 000 . , 1862, 1863 1864 . , . , , .
, 34).
[27] *
, , , , . , . . , . , , , . , , , , , , , , 35). , . , , , .
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34) : , . 446 [ , 23, . 466]. , (Commercial Re-ports from Her M's Consuls in China, Japan, and Siam. 1865 66. London, 1867, p. 253).
* . 74-77 ( , 24, . 169171). - . .
35) circulation factice [ ].
. 75
,; , .
. , , , , . , . , , . , , , . , , , . , , , , . , , , .
: , , -. , , , . , . , .
, , . . , , , , -
.
, , , , 36).
, , , . cum grano salis *. , , , , . . , , , , , . . , . , , , .
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, , 11 . . crate ( ), 2 , ., , , . 50 10 . , , . , 37).
36) ,
, , .
(!)
(J. . Say [Traité d'économie politique. Quatrième
édition, Paris, 1819], II, . 458). ,
? , -,
, -, , .
, ,
,
, .
(Ricardo. Principles of Pol. Êcon.
3~d ed. London, 1821, p. 309310, note).
* . .
37) Royal Commission Railways, p. 31, N 630,
, , ,
.
[28] , , , , , , , 38).
, , , 39).
....................... .................... ..................... | 960 000 642 750 | 33 750 000 2 250 009 18 000 |
.................. | ||
...................... | ||
....................... | ||
17241816 ., 18191822 . 1822 . , .
1 1862 . .
. 1792 40).
, , , , ó , -.
38) Evidence.
39) Royal Commimon Railways. Minutes of Evidence. London, 1867, p. 853. 1 000 ( 200 . .) 23⅓ % , , , , , , (Reports Her Majesty's Secretaries of Embassy etc. London, 1867, Nr. 1, p. 262).
40) 1792 . 6 851 , 1863 . 247 101 (Reports by Her Ma}esty's Secretaries of Embassy etc. London, 1867, Nr. 6, p. 794, 797. Report by Mr. Lumley, the Tea Trade of Russia).
.
, , , , , . . , , , , : , -. , .
, , , ; ó - , . - . , 200 . 40 , , , 500 . , - , Kising *, . , 1 500 . , , 15 . [29] - , 200 . , 10 , 22 . ( ), 252 , , , 1 282 , . , , 23 . , , , .
, - . . 350 () 40 . , . , , ; . , , ... , , .
* . . .
. 79
, , , , . , . , , , , , , , , , . 12 . , ; , . - . , , 6 , . :