, - . () , , , , , . , , , , , , , , , , ( ) ( ), , , F H, , aF + (1 a)H 0 < a < 1, ( ) , , , ; , , , 180: ; , , ; : , , , n , n 1 , , , ; , , , , . , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , () , , ( ) , , , ( ) , , , - , , , . , - - , , , ; , , , , , . , , , () () , , - () , - , - . () - , , , , ( ) , , , ( ) , , , () , , , , , , , , - , , , , - , , . , : PL = Rj / (1+i)j= R / I, R - , i - . (price war) - . (price discrimination) - , , . . , , - . (price mechanism): , , . , (allocative efficiency).. (full cost pricing): , (firm) (net profit) , . (pure monopoly) - , , -, . (pure public good) - , , . : . , , . (pure private good) - , . - , , . (economics choice) - , . (benefit-cost analysis). , (economies of scale): (long run) (average cost) . . , . , , . (elasticity): (variable) . , , , . (price elasticity of supply) - . (elasticity of demand): () (price elasticity of demand). (price elasticity of demand) - . (income effect) - , . (substitution effect). , , . - ( , ) , . (allocative efficiency) - : "" (optimal) . , (opportunity cost). (technical efficiency). (efficiency) - , () (): ; . |
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