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- , , , 131.

, , , , . , , . , R

, /, , . 2.5, ( ).

, . , . , 10 1011! , . . .

() :

-- 1,38 10"23 / ; , ; / == /2 /i / /2, .

( ) , . , (2.15).

, -- . , , , . , p-n- , , () i = nq, q= 1,6 10~19 . . -- 1010 1011 .

:

(2.\7)

-- /1 /, :

* = (" % = 0 ((£/) _ 1)( (2. 18)

.

. . --

i'yiip, /vnp - = i (',

(2.19)

( >0) i > 2i0 . i i0 .

, --, . - , . , &.. = 2qi3Af, / , - 1 *.. = 2 <7t 'KOA/, iK0 .

, , , , . ( = i3 (1 ), = 1// .

, - .

, (/..) ((..) . 1-. = 1 ..>

, 0 .

, ( ), .

. 2.5, , -- . , £'> < . 1,. 1. -

. ,

'. = (1 ) '.> '. "G'o'iii.ei

|*5,. = (1 0)2

(. = &' .. ] '. ' ( ), . . . = 2q7KO Af -j +2qi aa0 (1 a) Af.

, ( ), , .

, ,

7.. = 4*(2/3-3/4)5/, (2.21)

S - ; 2/3 3/4 , , .

, ( ), . . .

, , , .

-

, , . . (. 2.6, ). -. // 22 , , iml fmi (. 2.6, )..

, , imu 12 , 11 '2

(. 2.6, ). -, <'1, 12 . , , . . |/ (/)!'- G. (/). -

iml, 12 (/), /2 (/) (. 2.6, ). / (/). /2 (/). /1_/2-

. . /2 . ,

_ ]_mJYji, fji [an

^^ (. 2.6, ). (. 2.6, ), / /,.

/ ( /) . . 2.6,

(2.22)

. 2.6, , .

Rus, Gm = = GK0P + jBK0P. () Rm Gm . ,

, /? 0, FKop , , , .

, / Gn. Gm Gu:

(2.26)

' ,҄. (2.27)

, Gm~tuGlu (2.28)

, : ,

N)i GKOp, 5.

2.4.

, , .

, , , Rn , .

, , " /?, /?2 Rn = = (TzRz + TRnRn)/(Rx + Ra). ,

(2.29)

Rn /?jH ,\ 7£.

, Tz t-z = Tz/T0. , 8 Tj (, 9), -

G (, 6), ,

dQ .

Q\ GQ\ [ G (,

9) dQ = 4.

(Qj QA, Qj Tj)

Tj -■- const ,

2.5.

. , . .

, , .

. , Zc Rc + jXc

(/). , Rc RA = = Rx + R, 7 (/) (/). /?. . 2.7.

( = ./. (2-33)

, 1 (/) /, RH, . , .

, Ru, , . .

, . . (/), . , () . df, /.

, -

. 2.8

(J) , , . (/) = 0 = 300 . , ' (/).

, , . .

.

, () - (T4(f)) ( ) , ,

( ). Rc (. 2.8).

, . . . 2.8 Rc _ de^.3 = - .+(. = 4k [ (/) + (/)] xRcdf, , , , defu, (/). . , . 2.8

7,,(/>=(/)1/(.(/)-11= 9[ (/)-!]. (2.38)

, , . i

() , .

, 1. (2.34), (2.36)1 -

, :

(2.39)

,|1|1. (/)> ^..

if) , .

. 2.8 (/) = 0

() (1)

. (2-41)

(2.42)

, ., :

/0

, , , . . (/) = const, (!) - const, (f) = const.

- (2.43), (2.44) < . , .

, (/0) (/) =

= ./1 4£7? - ., /, ^.

.

(2.45)

, , . ^. . /, El/e '^.c-

, . 2.6, . , (. 2.9). / / Yc -f-+

f + YU), = /7( + + ). . 2.9, . 2.9, . / / £,.= £. + + £ + , .. /, £, / '.

,

(2.23), (2.24), (2.25),

(2.48), (2.49) . : (Gm = Gu), GKop

^"

Gc,

-^ 0,^ --

- r aGf rtrt,.

=s 0,

*copt = -(flu I )- (2.51)

(2.51) (2.50),

, , .

GcoptP ^11> ^copt^ ^. - -

.

(2.50), (2.51) .

- (, ), , , , , . . , .

߄1 -

GKop, , (2.48 (2.49). .

, , :

(2.52

(2.53) , ( ) , .

(2.53) = =

(2.54

. . ) . , . 2.10

(2.55

(. ..) (..). (2.55)

i 1- .

(2.56) .

,

( l)-

, , . ,

(2.57)

, .

( , , , , .)

. . 1 1/. 1 'lay, . ~

= ^.. .

, , :

, .

2.6.

/ :

(2.60)

R\, . /0. , ,

Ä ( ).

, (7? = /?, = ):

, ^ = 1/(4/? ). , ( ):

i kT0 = 4 10~21 /, , ( + tA 1) -- / = \/0 .

3

3.1.

, - . , . - .

, £\ ZA, / . / = EJZa = = £, = 1 /2.

ZA, , , -

. , , , £ = hRE, .

, Z.\ . ZA . , , , ZA (. 3 .1). , L\, R\ , , £ . , , . , , -

/?. , \ = £/4, = /I/4GA.

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