q(q = b q=e), , . .
(q q) .
q W, q = Wt.
(3.4)
t = q/W .
(3.4).
. q = Wt
(3.5)
i(t) Zi(t) i- , t. U(t). , i-
, (3.6)
ti i- .
, - , (3.6) (t t) (ti t).
.
i (t) Zi (t) (3.5)
(3.7)
0 , , ; Z0i , ,
, (3.8)
N0 ;
I0- .
, (3.8) , , . , .
>>1 . ln I0 () u >> 1, (3.8)
(3.9)
(3.9) . (. 3.13) . Z0i. Si= . t , .
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. (. 3.13) . Z0i , t. Z0i
(i = 1,2,..., ) Si = Fp[WA(tit)] . t t , . .
. , . . 1,2 . , t0- . .
, , (3.9)
,
. (3.10)
(3.10) ,
(. 3.14, ). (3.10). .
, . . , .
.
, .
.
. , (. 3.15). , , , , .
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(. 3.15, ), . t* .
. . , .
(. 3.15, , ). (. 3.15, ) . , , . (. 3.16, ) .
, . ,
. 3.15, , , (. 3.16,. ).
. (. 3.16, ). , , .
. . , , .
, , , . . .
. , , , . , . (). , , . , (. 3.17), .
, ( ).
m. ( = ) ( <m). , . , . 3 3 (3/3). , 2 3 (2/3) - . 3 3 , ( 3/3-00).
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, . o q1 q2, . q*=(q1+q2)/2. (.3.15, ).
, , , . 3.15, ( ) ( ). (. 3.18).
, . , , . , , . . , , - . .
, . . u(a) . , , () , , (-). , , .
. . , f(a), u(a)=×f(a), .
, u(a)=f(a) f(a), f(a) . , f(a) = f(a) = f(a), u(a)=f 2(a).
, . (. 3.19, ) a a0 ; , . : , - . : , , .
. , .
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.
Δu , , Δa ≈ Δu/K. , , .
, , , .
(. 3.19, ) . , a a0, . , , . , , . .
(. 3.19, ) , f1(a) f2(a). , f1(a0) f2(a0):
.
, ,
.
s a0, . ( ) . .
, s1/s2 , . , (. . 3.19, ), s = s1/s2 = 1. , , . . , s = s1s2. ( ) ( s), s . . .
, , () . . , , . , .
. , . , d (. 3.20), . φ = (2π/λ)(RA RB), RA, RB . RA >> d, RB >> d
, (3.11)
a .
φ,
. (3.12)
, , , , .
. :
s = cos φ. u(a) = cos[(2π/λ)d sina].
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sina ≈ a, u(a) = cos[(2π/λ)da] (1 . 3.21). a = 0 , . , , , ..
.
, π/2 (. 3.22). . π/2 (2 . 3.21)
, (3.13)
K = 2πd/λ. , , , d/λ. Δamax. , , φ ≤ π, a φ ≈ 2πda/λ, Δamax = λ/2d.
.3.22
( ). . , ( Δamax). .
, : a , .. a ≤ Δamax. , .