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1. Technological processes control automated systems 5
2. Automation 7
3. Automation of processes 10
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4. Metalworking Historical Perspective 12
5. Drawing. Sheet Metal Forming. Forging 14
6. Cold and Hot Forging: An Overview 17
7. What is welding and what do welders do? 19
8. From the History of Welding 21
9. Basic principles of welding 24
Additional Texts for Reading and Discussion
10. Cold Forging 29
11. Hot Forging 29
12. One of Americas great machines comes back to life 30
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13. Designing with Protein 32
14. Engineered proteins 35
15. Existing Protein Machines 37
16. Genetic materials 39
17. Molecular Technology Today 41
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18. The Baikonur space launching site 43
19. What is the difference between a jet engine and a rocket engine? 45
20. Russian: R-36 (SS-9), R-36M (SS-18) 49
21. Tesla Motors 52
22. Metallurgy - the technology and science of metallic mate 55
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23. Automobile 57
24. AUDI: Bodyshells, Space Frame and E-Tron 60
25. Honda CR-V 62
26. No-Name 66
27. Volkswagen Passat 67
Some Extra Texts to Enjoy and Ponder on
28. Criticism 70
29. BMW 71
30. TOYOTA LAND CRUISER 72
31. Exterior Design 73
32. Surface Treatments of Light Alloys 74
33. Digital Processing Systems (DPS) 76
34. Sonar 78
35. Radar 80
36. Computed Tomography 84
37. Telecommunications 85
38. Laser 88
39. Optical Instruments 91
Some Extra Texts to Enjoy and Ponder on
40. In Space and On Earth, Why Build It, When a Robot Can Build It 93
for You?
41. Controlling Light at Will: Metamaterials Will Change Optics 94
42. NASA Sub-Scale Solid-Rocket Motor Tests Material for Space 95
Launch System
43. Photography 96
44. Atmospheric optics 98
45. Brown Liquor and Solar Cells to Provide Sustainable Electricity 98
46. Hard Electronics: Hall Effect Magnetic Field Sensors for High 99
Temperatures and Harmful Radiation Environments
47. Nanopower: Avoiding Electrolyte Failure in Nanoscale Lithum Batteries 100
48. Better Organic Electronics: Researchers Show the Way 101
Forward for Improving Organic and Molecular Electronic Devices
49. New High Definition Fiber Tracking Reveals Damage Caused by 104
Traumatic Brain Injury
50. Nanoscale Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Quantum Computer 106
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Get Nudge from New Research
51. Brain-Imaging TechniquePredicts Who Will Suffer Cognitive 107
Decline Over Time
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Technological processes control automated systems
Automation is the use of control systems and information technologies to reduce the need for human work in the production of goods and services. In the scope of industrialization, automation is a step beyond mechanization. Whereas mechanization provided human operators with machinery to assist them with the muscular requirements of work, automation greatly decreases the need for human sensory and mental requirements as well. Automation plays an increasingly important role in the world economy and in daily experience.
Technological processes control with use of automated systems includes the solution of the following main objectives: processes` parameters control (temperature and pressure in the apparatuses, content and quality of liquids and gases, etc.); alarm system (warning, preventing) of the parameters` values deviation beyond the permissible limits; blocking (inhibiting) of improper equipment switching; equipment protection in emergency situations (switching off, the placement into a safe mode).
Production processes automation begins with the definition of problem which determines the level (degree) of the specific object automation, such as process installation. Hereby determines the direction of all future work, its scope and cost of expenditures, in particular, the acquisition and implementation of automation. The important thing in solving of the automation problem is the selection of the control system, i.e. determination of the degree of people's participation in the management, use of automatic devices, computer equipment.
Automation has had a notable impact in a wide range of industries beyond manufacturing. Telephone operators have been replaced largely by automated telephone switchboards and answering machines. Medical processes such as primary screening in electrocardiography or radiography and laboratory analysis of human genes, sera, cells, and tissues are carried out at greater speed and accuracy by automated systems. Automated teller machines have reduced the need for bank visits to obtain cash and carry out transactions. In general, automation much has been responsible for the shift in the world economy from industrial jobs to service jobs in the 20th and 21st centuries.
Vocabulary:
- sera
- switchboard
1. Answer the questions:
1. What is the automation?
2. Why do we need automatic devices?
3. What tasks do technological processes control?
4. Do production processes of automation begin with the definition of problem?
5. What is the important thing in solving of the automation problem?
6. Automated teller machines have reduced the need for bank visits to obtain cash, havent they?
7. What is the next step of development after the automation?
8. How can automation affect the level of unemployment?
9. Why are automated systems better than human being?
2. True or false:
1. Automation is the use of control systems and information technologies to increase the need for human work in the production of goods and services
2. Automation doesnt play an increasingly important role in the world economy and in daily experience.
3. Automation of production processes begins with the formulation of the problem.
4. Automation increases the need for human sensory and mental requirements.
5. Telephone operators have been replaced largely by automated telephone switchboards and answering machines.
6. Automated teller machines have reduced the need for bank visits to obtain cash and carry out transactions.
7. In general, automation much hasnt been responsible for the shift in the world economy from industrial jobs to service jobs in the 20th and 21st centuries.
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3. Choose the right preposition:
1. Automation plays an increasingly important role the world economy and daily experience. (on, in, at)
2. Medical processes such as primary screening... electrocardiography or radiography and laboratory analysis human genes, cells, and tissues are carried out. (of, out, in).
3. The important thing... solving... the automation problem is the selection...the control system. (at, for, of, in).
4. Automation greatly decreases the need... human sensory and mental requirements as well. (of, for, since)
5. Technological processes control... use of automated systems includes the solution of the main objectives. (with, in, of)
Automation
Automation is the system of manufacture performing certain tasks, previously done by people, by machines only. The sequences of operations are controlled automatically. The most familiar example of a highly automated system is an assembly plant for automobiles or other complex products. The term automation is also used to describe non-manufacturing systems in which automatic devices can operate independently of human control. Such devices as automatic pilots, automatic telephone equipment and automated control systems are used to perform various operations much faster and better than could be done by people.
Automated manufacturing had several steps in its development. Mechanization was the first step necessary in the development of automation. The simplification of work made it possible to design and build machines that resembled the motions of the worker. These specialized machines were motorized and they had better production efficiency. Industrial robots, originally designed only to perform simple tasks in environments dangerous to human workers, are now widely used to transfer, manipulate, and position both light and heavy work pieces performing all the functions of a transfer machine. In the 1920s the automobile industry for the first time used an integrated system of production. This method of production was adopted by most car manufacturers and became known as Detroit automation.
The feedback principle is used in all automatic-control mechanisms when machines have ability to correct themselves. The feedback principle has been used for centuries. An outstanding early example is the fly ball governor, invented in 1788 by James Watt to control the speed of the steam engine. The common household thermostat is another example of a feedback device.
Using feedback devices, machines can start, stop, speed up, slow down, count, inspect, test, compare and measure. These operations are commonly applied to a wide variety of production operations. Computers have greatly facilitated the use of feedback in manufacturing processes. Computers gave rise to the development of numerically controlled machines. The motions of these machines are controlled by punched paper or magnetic tapes. In numerically controlled machining centre, machine tools can perform several different machining operations. More recently, the introduction of microprocessors and computers have made possible the development of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacture (CAD and CAM) technologies. When using these systems a designer draws a part and indicates its dimensions with the help of a mouse, light pen, or other input device.
1. Define the main idea of the text:
1. Automated control systems
2. Automated manufacturing
3. Using feedback devices
4. The introduction of microprocessors and computers
2. Questions to the text:
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1. What was the first step in the development of automaton?
2. What were the first robots originally designed for?
3. Was the first industry to adopt the new integrated system of production?
4. What is feedback principle?
5. What do the abbreviations CAM and CAD stand for?
6. In the 1920s the automobile industry for the first time used an integrated system of production, didnt it?
3. Put the following sentences logically in the right order according to the text:
1. The feedback principle has been used for centuries.
2. In the 1920s the automobile industry for the first time used an integrated system of production.
3. These operations are commonly applied to a wide variety of production operations.
4. When using these systems a designer draws a part and indicates its dimensions with the help of a mouse, light pen, or other input device.
5. Automated manufacturing had several steps in its development.
6. The term automation is also used to describe non-manufacturing systems in which automatic devices can operate independently of human control.
4. True or false:
1. Automation is the system of manufacture performing certain tasks.
2. Such devices as automatic pilots, automatic telephone equipment and automated control systems are used to perform various operations much lower and worse than could be done by people.
3. The simplification of work made it impossible to design and build machines that resembled the motions of the worker.
4. This method of production wasnt adopted by most car manufacturers and didnt become known as Detroit automation
5. An outstanding early example is the fly ball governor, invented in 1788 by James Watt to control the speed of the steam engine.
6. The introduction of microprocessors and computers have made possible the development of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacture (CAD and CAM) technologies.
7. Computers didnt give rise to the development of numerically controlled machines.
5. Choose the right preposition:
1. The most familiar example... a highly automated system is an assembly plant for automobiles.
1. in 2. of 3. at
2. Automated manufacturing had several steps... its development.
1. at 2. in 3. under
3. In the 1920s the automobile industry... the first time used an integrated system of production.
1. before 2. after 3. for
4. This method of production was adopted... most car manufacturers and became known as Detroit automation.
1. for 2. by 3. into
5.... numerically controlled machining centre, machine tools can perform several different machining operations.
1. behind 2. in 3. to
6. The motions of these machines are controlled... punched paper or
magnetic tapes.
1. by 2. to 3. at
7.... the drawing has been completed the computer auto.
1. for 2. after 3. of
Automation of processes
A process control or automation system is used to automatically control a process such as chemical, oil refineries, paper and pulp factories. The PAS often uses a network to interconnect sensors, controllers, operator terminals and actuators. The PAS is often based on open standards in contrast to a DCS (distributed control system), which is traditionally proprietary. However in recent times the PAS is considered to be more associated with SCADA systems. PAS is the lowest level of automation, while MES (manufacturing execution system) is considered to be directly positioned above a PAS. Process automation involves using computer technology and software engineering to help power plants and factories in industries as diverse as paper, mining and cement operate more efficiently and safely. Major blocks of PAS are: microprocessors, micro controllers and microcomputers, multiprocessors, LANs, SCADA, RTU (remote terminal units) and analog and digital I/O modules.
In the absence of process automation, plant operators have to physically monitor performance values and the quality of outputs to determine the best settings on which to run the production equipment. Maintenance is carried out at set intervals. It is generally results in operational inefficiency and unsafe operating conditions. Process automation simplifies it with the help of sensors at thousands of spots around the plant that collect data on temperatures, pressures, flows and so on. The information is stored and analyzed on the computer and the entire plant and each piece of production equipment can be monitored on a large screen in a control room. Plant operating settings are then automatically adjusted to achieve the optimum production. Plant operators can manually override the process automation systems when necessary.
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Factory owners want their equipment to deliver the highest output with as little production cost as possible. In many industries including oil, gas and petrochemicals, energy costs can represent 30 to 50 percent of the total production cost. In process automation, the computer program uses measurements to show not only how the plant is working but to simulate different operating modes and find the optimal strategy for the plant. A unique characteristic of this software is its ability to "learn" and predict trends, helping speed up the response time to changing conditions. The software and controls regulate equipment to run at the optimum speed that requires the least energy. They also ensure the consistency of quality, meaning less energy is wasted producing products that turn out to be defective, and they forecast when maintenance is needed so less time and energy is spent stopping and restarting equipment for routine inspections.
Vocabulary:
oil refineries
PAS
DCS
SCADA
Maintenance
LAN
1. Answer the questions:
1. Why is used a process control or automation system?
2. What is the PAS?
3. What are the major blocks of PAS?
4. How is carried maintenance?
5. Process automation simplifies it with the help of sensors at thousands of spots around the plant, doesnt it?
6. Is the information stored and analyzed on the computer or in the control room?
7. Why do the software and controls regulate equipment?
2. True or False:
1. In many industries including oil, gas and petrochemicals, energy costs can represent 40 to 70 percent of the total production cost.
2. The information is stored and analyzed on the computer and the entire plant and each piece of production equipment can be monitored on a small screen in a control room.
3. 3. A unique characteristic of this software is its ability to "learn" and predict trends, helping speed up the response time to changing conditions.
4. They also ensure the consistency of quality, meaning less energy is wasted producing products that turn out to be defective, and they forecast when maintenance is needed so less time and energy is spent stopping and restarting equipment for routine inspections.
5. Major blocks of PAS are: microprocessors, micro controllers and microcomputers, microprocessors, LANs, SCADA, RTU (remote terminal units) and analog and digital I/O modules
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