1, 2,..., n a1, a2,..., am, . .
G = (X, A),
X = {xi}, i = 1, 2,..., n , A = {ai}, i = 1, 2,..., m .
, (. 1.2). A, , , (. 1.2,).
. 1.2.
, (. 1.2,). , , (. 1.2,). , G = (X, A) , A, , G, (. 1.2,).
ai (n, k), n k . , G1 (. 1.2,) a1 (x2, x1), 3 (x2, x3). n, k ai, , n k ai ai n k.
, , . G3 (. 1.2,) a7 .
i d0(i) dt(i).
i d0(i) , . , G1 (. 1.2,) : d0(1)=1, d0(2)=2, d0(3)=2, d0(4)=1.
i dt(i) , . , G1: dt(1)=2, dt(2)=1, dt(3)=2, dt(4)=1.
, , , . .
n , m .
i d(i).
i d(i) , . , G1(. 1.2,) : d(1)=2, d(2)=3, d(3)=3, d(4)=2.
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. . 1.3 . 1.4.
G4 = (, ),
= {i}, i = 1, 2, 3, 4 ; = {ai }, i = 1, 2,..., 6 , = {(1, 2), (4, 2), (2, 4), (2, 3), (3, 3), (4, 1)}.
. 1.3.
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G5 = (X, A),
X = {B, C, D, E, F} , A = {ai}, i = 1, 2,..., 5 , a1 = (F, B), a2 = (B, E), a3 = (F, D), a4 = (E, C), a5 = (C, D).
. 1.4.
, , .
, G = (X, ).
i (i) , i, . . .
. 1.3 :
G4=(X, ),
X = {i}, I = 1, 2,..., 4 , (1) = { 2 }, (2) = { 3, 4 }, (3) = { 3 },(4) = { 1, 2 } .
, , , . , . 1.2,(2) = { 1, 3, 5 }, (4) ={ 3, 5} . .