, , , ( . ) , ( ). :-16, -17, -18 16, 17,18
( ) (). ( ) < 83. , ³, .
1. (), N Z( ) . N = Z, . 2. Z N. 3. Z N N Z. 4. Z N.
(A<40) ,
. − H, C, O, S, . 쳿 :
14C = 5730 .,
(10, 11) 볔
,, , - , , . (2/1, 18 / 16, 13/12) , , ' (, , , ), ().
: , , , . г (1), (2) (3) . .
, (2) (3) . (1).
: () , () - (/, /, )
:( ) δ = 1000(R Rstand)/Rstand (Δ)
R ( )
Rstand
(), . + 0,0n
A B: Δ(A-B) = δ(A) δ(B) ( )
|
|
α(A-B) = R(A)/R(B) α(A-B) = [1000+ δ(A)]/[1000+δ(B)] ( )
δ = 1000(R Rstand)/Rstand, R ( ), Rstand . (), . A B: Δ(A-B) = δ(A) δ(B) ( )
α(A-B) = R(A)/R(B) α(A-B) = [1000+ δ(A)]/[1000+δ(B)] ( )
: (300-12000)
:18O/16O 2D/1H SMOW:
13C/12C PDB: ϳ ()
34S/32S CD: -Ē