. , ' BE <hv-φ (. 19). , -.
'. , , s-, - . , , , , , .
W : γ, Whv Wsp.
( 15) ³ j , l i s: j = |l s| (l + s), l = 0, 1, 2,... n -1, s = 1/2. s- (l = 0) j=s=1/2. p- (l = 1) j = 1/2 3/2, d- (l = 2) j = 3/2 5/2.
l s 㳿 : El+s < El-s. , 㳿 - ∆E=El-s-El+s. ΔE - ', . (n,l = const) ∆ . 㳿 - 2- 3d- . 2.3. (n = const) ΔE , l - . , 㳺 ' .
. 㳿 ' ΔBE 㳿 ΔKE . , , , :
1) ;
2) .
, , ' . 㳿 ' (). . , 㳿 ' ΔBE = BE (Me+) - BE (Me0)> 0, , .
( ) , . , ᒺ Zbulk= 12, Zsurf ≈ 6. , , , 㳿 '. . .