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[21], , (.). . .

 

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[28] T. S. Kuhn. The Function of Measurement in Modern Physical Science. Isis, LII, 1961, p. 161193.

 

[29] S. Kuhn. The Caloric Theory of Adiabatic Compression. Isis, XLIX, 1958, p. 132140.

 

[30] C. Truesdell. A. Program toward Rediscovering the Rational Mechanics of the Age of Reason. Archive for History of the Exact Sciences, I, 1960, p. 336; Reactions of Late Baroque Mechanics to Success, Conjecture, Error, and Failure in Newton's Principia. Texas Quarterly, X, 1967, p. 281297; T. L. Hankins. The Reception of Newton's Second Law of Motion in the Eighteenth Century. Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences, XX, 1967, p. 4265.

 

[31] Wolf. Op. cit., p. 7581, 96101; W. Whewell. History of the Inductive Sciences, rev. ed. London, 1847, II, p. 213271.

 

[32] R. Dugas. Histoire de la mécanique. Neuchatel, 1950, Books IVV.

 

[33], , . .: L.S.Kubie. Some Unsolved Problems of the Scientific Career. American Scientist, XLI, 1953, p. 596613; XLII, 1954, p. 104112.

 

[34] . . . : Les prix Nobel en 1937, Stockholm, 1938, p. 4.

 

[35] W. Whewell. History of the Inductive Sciences, rev. ed. London, 1847, II, p. 101105; 220222.

 

[36] . . , - .

 

[37] .: I. .Cohen. Franklin and Newton: An Inquiry into Speculative Newtonian Experimental Science and Franklin's Work in Electricity as an Example Thereof. Philadelphia. 1956, chap. VII, . 255257, 275277.

 

[38] .

 

[39] H. Metzger. Les doctrines chimiques en France du début du XVII e siècle la fin du XVIII e siècle. Paris, 1923, p. 359361; Marie Boas. Robert Boyle and Seventeenth-Century Chemistry. Cambridge, 1958, p. 112115.

 

[40] L. Königsberger. Hermann von Helmholtz. Oxford, 1906, p. 6566.

 

[41] J. E. Meinhard. Chromatography: A Perspective. Science, CX, 1949, p. 387392.

 

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[43]. , , , , . . : M.Polanyi. Personal Knowledge. Chicago, 1958, V VI.

 

[44] L. Wittgenstein. Philosophical Investigations. N. Y., 1953, p. 3136. , , . , , .

 

[45] .: H.Metzger. Les doctrines chimiques en France du début du XVII e la fin du XVIII e siècle. Paris, 1923, p. 2427, 146149; M. Boas. Robert Boyle and Seventeenth-Century Chemistry. Cambridge, 1958, chap. II. .: W.F.Cannon. The Uniformitarian-Catastrophist Debate. Isis, LI, 1960, p. 3855; . . Gillispie. Genesis and Geology. Cambridge, Mass., 1951, chaps. IVV.

 

[46] .: J.Ullmo. La crise de la physique quantique. Paris, 1950, chap. II.

 

[47] .: R.Dugas. La théorie physique au sens de Boltzmann et ses prolongements modernes. Neuchatel, 1959, p. 158184; 206219. .: M.Planck. Maxwell's Influence in Germany. James Clerk Maxwell: A Commemoration Volume, 18311931, Cambridge, 1931, p. 4565, . 5863; S. P. Thompson. The Life of William Thomson Baron Kelvin of Largs. London, 1910, II, p. 10211027.

 

[48] .: .Koyré. A Documentary History of the Problem of Fall from Kepler to Newton. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, XLV, 1955, p. 329395. .: .Brunet. L'introduction des théories de Newton en France au XVIII siècle. Paris, 1931; A. Koyré. From the Closed World tu the Infinite Universe. Baltimore, 1957, chap. XI.

 

[49] . , . : J. .Senior. The Vernacular of the Laboratory. Philosophy of Science, XXV, 1958, p. 163168.

 

[50] , , .: .N.Meldrum. The Eighteenth-Century Revolution in Science the First Phase. Calcutta, 1930, chap. V. , , , . : M.Daumas. Lavoisier, théoricien et expérimentateur. Paris, 1955, chaps. IIIII. . : .S.Kuhn. The Historical Structure of Scientific Discovery. Science, CXXXVI, June 1, 1962, p. 760764.

 

[51] .: UnoBocklund. A Lost Letter from Scheele to Lavoisier. Lychnos, 19571958, p 3962.

 

[52] J. . Conant. The Overthrow of the Phlogiston Theory: The Chemical Revolution of 17751789. Harward Case Histories in Experimental Science, Case 2. Cambridge. Mass., 1950, p 23. .

 

[53] H. Metzger. La philosophie de la matière chez Lavoisier. Paris, 1935; Daumas. Op. cit., chap. VII.

 

[54] : H.Guerlac. Lavoisier the Crucial Year: The Background and Origin of His First Experiments on Combustion in 1772. Ithaca, N. Y., 1961.

 

[55] L. W. Taylor. Physics, the Pioneer Science. Boston, 1941, p. 790794; T. W. Chalmers. Historic Researches. London, 1949, p. 218219.

 

[56] E. . Whittaker. A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity, I, 2d ed. London, 1951, p. 358, n. 1. . , .

 

[57] , . . .

 

[58] S. P. Thompson. The Life of Sir William Thomson Baron Kelvin of Largs London, 1910, II, p. 1125.

 

[59] Conant. Op. cit., p. 1820.

 

[60] K. K. Darrow. Nuclear Fission. Bell System Technical Journal, XIX, 1940, p. 267289. , , , . , , , , , , , . ( ) : , , , Ba, La, Ce, Ra, Ac, Th. , , , . , (.HahnandF.Strassman. Über den Nachweis und das Verhalten der bei der Bestrahlung des Urans mittels Neutronen entstehended) Erdalkalimetalle. Die Naturwissenschaften, XXVII [l 939], S. 15).

 

[61] .: I.B.Cohen. Franklin and Newton: An Inquiry into Speculative Newtonian Experimental Science and Franklin's Work in Electricity as an Example Thereof. Philadelphia, 1956, p. 385386, 400406, 452467, 506507. : Whittaker. Op. cit., p. 5052.

 

[62] J. S. Bruner and L. Postman. On the Perception of Incongruity: A Paradigm. Journal of Personality, XVIII, 1949, p. 206223.

 

[63]Ibid., p. 218. , , , , , .

 

[64] A. R. Hall. The Scientific Revolution, 15001800. London, 1954, p. 16.

 

[65] M. Clagett. The Science of Mechanics in the Middle Ages. Madison, Wis., 1959, Parts IIIII. . , , Etudes Galiléennes. Paris, 1939; I.

 

[66] .: .S.Kuhn. Newton's Optical Papers, in: Isaac Newton's Papers and Letters in Natural Philosophy, ed. I. B. Cohen. Cambridge, Mass., 1958, p. 2745. .: E.T.Whittaker. A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity, I, 2d ed. London, 1951, p. 94109; W. Whewell. History of the Inductive Sciences, rev. ed. London, 1847, II, p. 396466.

 

[67] .: S.P.Thompson. Life of William Thomson Baron Kelvin of Largs. London, 1910, I, p. 266281. .: F.Reiche. The Quantum Theory. London, 1922, chaps. III.

 

[68] J. L. E. Dreyer. A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler, 2d. ed. N. Y., 1953, chaps. XIXII.

 

[69] X (12211284 .) , . . .

 

[70] . De revolutionibus orbium coellestium libri VI. Norimbergee, 1543; .: . . 400- . .., 1947. . .

 

[71] . S. Kuhn. The Copernican Revolution. Cambridge. Mass., 1957, p. 135143.

 

[72] J. R. Partington. A Short History of Chemistry, 2d ed. London, 1951, p. 4851, 7885, 90120.

 

[73] : J.R.PartingtonandD.McKie. Historical Studies on the Phlogiston Theory. Annals of Science, II, 1937, p. 361404, III, 1938, p. 158, 337371; IV, 1939, p. 337371, .

 

[74] . , XVII XVIII . . .

 

[75] H. Guerlac. Lavoisier the Crucial Year. Ithaca, N. Y., 1961. ; , , . . 35.

 

[76] M. Jammer. Concepts of Space: The History of Theories of Space in Physics, Cambridge, Mass., 1954, p. 114124.

 

[77] J. Larmor. Aether and Matter Including a Discussion of the Influence of the Earth's Motion on Optical Phenomena. Cambridge, 1900, p. 620, 320322.

 

[78] R. . Glazebrook. James Clerk Maxwell and Modern Physics, London, 1896, chap. IX. . : A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, 3d. ed. Oxford. 1892, p. 470.

 

[79] .: .Kuhn. Op. cit., chap. VII.

 

[80] Whittaker. Op. cit., I, p. 386410; II (London, 1953), p. 2740.

 

[81] .: .L.Heath. Aristarchus of Samos: The Ancient Copernicus. Oxford, 1913, Part II. .: A.Koestler. The Sleepwalkers: A History of Man's Changing Vision of the Universe. London, 1959, p. 50.

 

[82] Partington. Op. cit., p. 7885.

 

[83]., : N.R.Hanson. Patterns of Discovery. Cambridge, 1958, p. 99105.

 

[84] T. S. Kuhn. The Essential Tension: Tradition and Innovation in Scientific Research, in: The Third (1959) University of Utah Research Conference on the Identification of Creative Scientific Talent, ed. Calvin W. Taylor (Salt Lake City, 1959), p. 162177. .: F.Barron. The Psychology of Imagination. Scientific American, CXCIX, September 1958, p. 151166, esp. 160.

 

[85] W. Whewell. History of the Inductive Sciences, London, 1847, II, p. 220221.

 

[86] .: .S.Kuhn. The Caloric Theory of Adiabatic Compression. Isis, XLIV, 1958, p. 136137. .: E.T.Whittaker. A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity, II. London, 1953, p. 151, 179.

 

[87].: . S. Kuhn. The Copernican Revolution. Cambridge, Mass., 1957, p. 138.

 

[88] A. Einstein. Autobiographical Note, in: Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist, ed. P. A. Schilpp, Evanston, Ill., 1949, p. 45.

 

[89] R. Kronig. The Turning Point, in: Theoretical Physics in the Twentieth Century: A Memorial Volume to Wolfgang Pauli, ed. M. Fierz and V. F. Weisskopf. N. Y., 1960, p. 25, 2526. , 1925 .

 

[90] . Butterfield. The Origins of Modern Science, 13001800. London, 1949. p 17.

 

[91] Hanson. Op. cit., chap. I.

 

[92] .: J.L.E.Dreyer. A History of Astronomy from Thales to Kepler, 2d ed., N. Y., 1953, p. 380393. , . . . J. Priestley. Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air. London, 17741775.

 

[93] , XVII , .: R.Dugas. La mécanique au XVII e siècle. Neuchatel, 1954, . XI. XIX . : R.Dugas. Histoire de la mécanique. Neuchatel, 1950, p. 419443.

 

[94] T. S. Kuhn. A Function for Thought Experiments, in: Mélanges Alexandre Koyré, ed. R. Taton and I. B. Cohen. Hermann, Paris, 1964.

 

[95] .: V.Ronchi. Histoire de la lumière. Paris, 1956, chap. VII. .: J.Priestley. The History and Present State of Discoveries Relating to Vision, Light and Colours. London, 1772, p. 498520.

 

[96] A. Einstein. Loc. cit.

 

[97] , . , , . . . (H.C.Lehman. Age and Achievement. Princeton, 1953) , , . , , - , .

 

[98] S. P. Thompson. Life of William Thomson Baron Kelvin of Largs. London, 1910, I, p. 266281.

 

[99]., , . . : Philosophy of Science, XXV, 1958, p. 298.

 

[100] J. . Conant. Overthrow of the Phlogiston Theory. Cambridge, 1950, p. 1316; J. R. Partington. A Short History of Chemistry, 2d ed. London, 1951, p. 8588. : H. Metzger. Newton, Stahl, Boerhaave et la doctrine chimique. Paris, 1930. Part II.

 

[101] , : R. . Braithwaite. Scientific Explanation. Cambridge, 1953, p. 5087, . 76.

 

[102] .: M.Boas. The Establishment of the Mechanical Philosophy. Osiris, X, 1952, p. 412541. .: Ibid., p. 483.

 

[103] R. Dugas. La mécanique au XVII e siècle, Neuchatel, 1954, p. 177185, 284298, 345356.

 

[104] I. . Cohen. Franklin and Newton: An Inquiry into Speculative Newtonian Experimental Science and Franklin's Work in Electricity as an Example Thereof. Philadelphia, 1956, chaps. VIVII.

 

[105] .: Ibid., chaps. VIIIIX. .: Metzger. Op. cit., part I.

 

[106] E. Meyerson. Identity and Reality. New York, 1930, chap. X.

 

[107] E. T. Whittaker. A History of the Theories of Aether and Electricity, II. London, 1953, p. 2830.

 

[108] : . .Gillispie. The Edge of Objectivity: An Essay in the History of Scientific Ideas. Princeton, 1960.

 

[109] . . : G.M.Stratton. Vision without Inversion of the Retinal Image. Psychological Review, IV, 1897, p. 341360, 463481. X. . : H.A.Carr. An Introduction to Space Perception. New York, 1935, p. 1857.

 

[110]., : A.H.Hastorf. The Influence of Suggestion on the Relationship between Stimulus Size and Perceived Distance. Journal of Psychology, XXIX, 1950, p. 195217; J. S. Bruner, L. Postman and J. Rodrigues. Expectations and the Perception of Color. American Journal of Psychology, LXIV, 1951, p. 216227.

 

[111] N. R. Hanson. Patterns of Discovery. Cambridge, 1958, chap. I.

 

[112] . Doig. A Concise History of Astronomy. London, 1950, p. 115116.

 

[113] R. Wolf. Geschichte der Astronomie. München, 1877, S. 513515, 683693. , , .

 

[114] J. Needham. Science and Civilization in China, III. Cambridge, 1959, p. 423429; 434436.

 

[115] T. S. Kuhn. The Copernican Revolution. Cambridge, Mass., 1957, p. 206209.

 

[116] D. Roller and D. H. D. Roller. The Development of the Concept of Electric Charge. Cambridge, Mass., 1954, p. 2129.

 

[117]. VII .

 

[118] G. Galilei. Dialogues concerning Two New Sciences. Evanston. Ill., 1946, p. 8081, 162166.

 

[119]Ibid., p. 9194, 244.

 

[120] M. Clagett. The Science of Mechanics in the Middle Ages. Madison, Wis., 1959, p. 537538, 570.

 

[121] J. Hadamard. Subconscient intuition, et logique dans la recherche scientifique (Conférence faite au Palais de la Découverte le 8 Décembre 1945 [Alençon, n. d.], p. 78). , , . : The Psychology of Invention in the Mathematical Field. Princeton, 1949.

 

[122] . S. Kuhn. A Function for Thought Experiments, in: Mélanges Alexandre Koyré, ed. R. Taton and I. B. Cohen. Hermann, Paris, 1964.

 

[123] A. Koyr é. Etudes Galiléennes. Paris, 1939, I, p. 4651; Galileo and Plato. Journal of the History of Ideas, IV, 1943, p. 400428.

 

[124] . S. Kuhn. A Function for Thought Experiments, in: Mélanges Alexandre Koyré.

 

[125] Koyr é. Etudes II, p. 711.

 

[126] Clagett. Op. cit., chaps. IV, VI and IX.

 

[127] N. Goodman. The Structure of Appearance. Cambridge, Mass., 1951, p. 45. : 1947 , 175 180 , , 1947 , 175 180 1947 , , , , , , , , , , , .

 

[128] H. Metzger. Newton, Stahl, Boerhaave et la doctrine chimique. Paris, 1930, p. 3468.

 

[129]Ibid., p. 124129, 139148. .: L.K.Nash. The Atomic-Molecular Theory (Harvard Case Histories in Experimental Science, Case 4). Cambridge, Mass., 1950, p. 1421.

 

[130] J. R. Partington. A Short History of Chemistry. 2d ed. London, 1951, p. 161163.

 

[131] A. N. Meldrum. The Development of the Atomic Theory: (1) Berthollet's Doctrine of Variable Proportions. Manchester Memoirs, LIV, 1910, p. 116.

 

[132] L. . Nash. The Origin of Dalton's Chemical Atomic Theory. Isis, XLVII, 1956, p. 101116.

 

[133] (.). . .

 

[134] . N. Meldrum. The Development of the Atomic Theory: (6) The Reception Accorded to the Theory Advocated by Dalton. Manchester Memoirs, LV, 1911, p. 110.

 

[135] .: .N.Meldrum. Berthollet's Doctrine of Variable Proportions. Manchester Memoirs, LIV, 1910, p. 8.





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