.


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7




. . .

( 1 ¹ x 2), (t 1 = t 2), ', (36.3),

, ' , , . v (x 1 x 2 ), ' ( v) . , , , , . , , - , , - .

2. . ( ), , , ( ) t = t 2 t 1, 1 2 . '

(37.1)

, (36.3),

(37.2)

(37.2) (37.1),

(37.3)

(37.3) , t < t ', . . , , , . : t', ', , t, . , , , , . . , . t t ' . (37.3) , , .

( ), . , , 500 (, 500 ), , ( =0,001). 1000 , 1 . , , -, . , , t . , , . , , , : , , .

, p-. p- ( , ) t 2,2×108 . , p-, ( 30 ) , , t 6,6 , . . , . : p- t ' = t / , vt ' = bct '= bct/ . b1, vt '>> ct.

3. . , ' '. ' , t' , 0 , ' . , v. x 1 x 2 t. l = 2 1 . (36.3),

. .

(37.4)

, , , , , , . , , ', - (37.4).

(37.4) , , , , . . , . (36.3) ,

. . . , , .

4. . ', v. . t , , z, ' t ' ', ', z',

, , z ', ', z' '. (36.3),

, :

(37.5)

, ux, ' ' .

(37.6)

, v, ' , (37.5) (37.6) (. (34.4)). , ( ) , , , .

 

(. 35). , u' = c, (37.6) ( , = u' ). , .

, , . u ' = v = . (37.6) = . , . , . - , / n (n ), ( . 189).

38.

, . - , , . . . , (, , z, t), :

(38.1)

, . t 12 = t 2 t 1,

, . D t = t 2 t 1, D x = x 2 x 1, D y = y 2 y 1 D z = z 2 z 1, (38.1)

'

(38.2)

(36.3),

(38.2), , . .

, , , - , . , , , .

, , . - , , . , . , , -. .

( , ) , - . - (. . -), .

39.

:

(39.1)

m 0 , . . , , ; ; , v. , .

(. 35), , .

, .

(39.2)

(39.3)

(39.4)

.

, (39.3) (6.7). : , (39.4). , (39.2) , , . , , . , .

(. 9) : , . . . , , , , .

(39.1), (39.4) (39.2) , , , (39.2) (. (6.5)) . , () v<<c. v<<c ( ¥). , , ( ).

(39.1) . (. 116) , .

40.

. ( 12) , :

(40.1)

, dr = v d t, (40.1) (39.2),

, vdv = v d v, (39.1),

(40.2)

. . .

, m 0, , (40.2),

(40.3)

(40.4)

(40.4) vc :

( v << c, ).

. (40.2), , , , D m ,

(40.5)

. :

(40.6)

(40.6), (40.5), () : . , .

(40.6) , (40.3),

, (T =0)

. 0 , , v =0 .

(. 13) , , : , . . .

(40.6) (39.4) :

(40.7)

(40.6), , . , . . , , ,

(40.8)

, , (40.6).

- (, ), . , , (, ).

(40.9)

m 0 i i - ; 0 , .

() . .

, , , , , , . , ; , ; , , .

, -. - , 2 . , -2 .

7.1. (, , ), ( , ) v = 0,8 , l = 1 q = 30.

7.2. 1,5% . b = v / . [0,172]

7.3. , 2 , 200 / K', 200 /. : 1) ; 2) . [1) 277 /; 2) 5,2 ]

7.4. , , , p- , D t = 5 , (, , ) D t 0 =2,2 . [1,35 ]

7.5. , . [0,98 ]

7.6. , , 1,2 . [2,86 /]

7.7. , 1 . [5,34×1019 ×]

2

8 -

41. .

. , , . : (-) . , .

, - , , , .

(460370 . .). XVII . . . , . XIX . . (18221888), . . .

, , . , , . , , (, . .). , , , . . , .

, , , . , . . , .

, - , , . , , : , , . - , , .





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