. . .
( 1 ¹ x 2), (t 1 = t 2), ', (36.3),
, ' , , . v (x 1 x 2 ), ' ( v) . , , , , . , , - , , - .
2. . ( ), , , ( ) t = t 2 t 1, 1 2 . '
(37.1)
, (36.3),
(37.2)
(37.2) (37.1),
(37.3)
(37.3) , t < t ', . . , , , . : t', ', , t, . , , , , . . , . t t ' . (37.3) , , .
( ), . , , 500 (, 500 ), , ( =0,001). 1000 , 1 . , , -, . , , t . , , . , , , : , , .
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, p-. p- ( , ) t 2,2×108 . , p-, ( 30 ) , , t 6,6 , . . , . : p- t ' = t / , vt ' = bct '= bct/ . b1, vt '>> ct.
3. . , ' '. ' , t' , 0 , ' . , v. x 1 x 2 t. l = 2 1 . (36.3),
. .
(37.4)
, , , , , , . , , ', - (37.4).
(37.4) , , , , . . , . (36.3) ,
. . . , , .
4. . ', v. . t , , z, ' t ' ', ', z',
, , z ', ', z' '. (36.3),
, :
(37.5)
, ux, ' ' .
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(37.6)
, v, ' , (37.5) (37.6) (. (34.4)). , ( ) , , , .
(. 35). , u' = c, (37.6) ( , = u' ). , .
, , . u ' = v = . (37.6) = . , . , . - , / n (n ), ( . 189).
38.
, . - , , . . . , (, , z, t), :
(38.1)
, . t 12 = t 2 t 1,
, . D t = t 2 t 1, D x = x 2 x 1, D y = y 2 y 1 D z = z 2 z 1, (38.1)
'
(38.2)
(36.3),
(38.2), , . .
, , , - , . , , , .
, , . - , , . , . , , -. .
( , ) , - . - (. . -), .
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39.
:
(39.1)
m 0 , . . , , ; ; , v. , .
(. 35), , .
, .
(39.2)
(39.3)
(39.4)
.
, (39.3) (6.7). : , (39.4). , (39.2) , , . , , . , .
(. 9) : , . . . , , , , .
(39.1), (39.4) (39.2) , , , (39.2) (. (6.5)) . , () v<<c. v<<c ( ¥). , , ( ).
(39.1) . (. 116) , .
40.
. ( 12) , :
(40.1)
, dr = v d t, (40.1) (39.2),
, vdv = v d v, (39.1),
(40.2)
. . .
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, m 0, , (40.2),
(40.3)
(40.4)
(40.4) vc :
( v << c, ).
. (40.2), , , , D m ,
(40.5)
. :
(40.6)
(40.6), (40.5), () : . , .
(40.6) , (40.3),
, (T =0)
. 0 , , v =0 .
(. 13) , , : , . . .
(40.6) (39.4) :
(40.7)
(40.6), , . , . . , , ,
(40.8)
, , (40.6).
- (, ), . , , (, ).
(40.9)
m 0 i i - ; 0 , .
() . .
, , , , , , . , ; , ; , , .
, -. - , 2 . , -2 .
7.1. (, , ), ( , ) v = 0,8 , l = 1 q = 30.
7.2. 1,5% . b = v / . [0,172]
7.3. , 2 , 200 / K', 200 /. : 1) ; 2) . [1) 277 /; 2) 5,2 ]
7.4. , , , p- , D t = 5 , (, , ) D t 0 =2,2 . [1,35 ]
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7.5. , . [0,98 ]
7.6. , , 1,2 . [2,86 /]
7.7. , 1 . [5,34×1019 ×]
2
8 -
41. .
. , , . : (-) . , .
, - , , , .
(460370 . .). XVII . . . , . XIX . . (18221888), . . .
, , . , , . , , (, . .). , , , . . , .
, , , . , . . , .
, - , , . , , : , , . - , , .