.


:




:

































 

 

 

 


xXXI.




 

, , , . , , , ; , , , . , . , , , .

, . XVII , . , , , . XIX , , , , , , . , . , , , , . , , , , . , , .

. , 1, ? , . , . , , , , , . . . , . :

1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12

, , . , , , , . , . : .

, , . , , .

, 1879 , 1884 . , , , 1903 . , , , . , . , , 3, 3 . , , 3, , , 3, . , , . , , . , . Principia Mathematica.

, , , . , , , , , , . , , , , .

, . , , , , ‑ , , , , , . . , : , , : ? , : , ‑ . , : , , . , ‑, , ) , , . , .

, , ‑ ‑, , ‑ ‑ . , . :

, . :

, , , , . , .

: ( , ). , : , , , .

, , : .

, , . : ; : , . , .

, , , , , . , ; , , 2 + 2 = 4, , , . . . . 3 2 + 1, 4 3 + 1. ( ), 4 , 2 + 2. , . , , 3 .

, , . .

‑. , , . , , . ; , , , , . , . , , , , , , .

, (stuff) , . , , . , , . , , . , , .

, , . , ( ) , , . , , , , . , , . , , .

, . . , , , ( , ). , , , . , . , , . , . , , . .

. ‑, , , , . , , . , . , . . , . , , . , , , , . , , , , , . , , . , , , , , . , , , , , . .

, , , , . , , . , , , , . . , , , . , .

, , . ; , , , , . , , , , , .

, . , , . . , . , , : ( ), , , , . , , . , , ‑, , ; , , , , , ; . , , ‑ , , , , ; .

, . , , , , . : . . , , , , , , , .

, . , , , , . , , , , , , . , : ? ? ? ? , , , , ( ) , , .

, , . , , , , , , . , , . , , , . , .

 


[1]Ayer A. J. Russell. Fontana/Collins, 1972.

 

[2]The autobiography of Bertrand Russell. Vol. 2, pp. 223224. London, George Allen and Unwin Ltd, 1971.

 

[3] : , , . .

 

[4] , , .

 

[5] ‑ , . .

 

[6] . , .

 

[7] , , , . .

 

[8].: Martin P. Nilsson. The Minoan‑Mycenaean Religion and its Survival in Greek Religion, p. 11 .

 

[9].: . N. Ure. The Origin of Tyranny.

 

[10], , .

 

[11]. J. Beloch. Griechische Geschichte. . XII.

 

[12]. Roslovtsev. History of the Ancient World. Vol. I, p. 399.

 

[13]Five Stages of Greek Religion, p. 67.

 

[14]H. J. Rose. Primitive Culture in Greece. 1925, p. 193.

 

[15] , , . 1000 .. .: Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. IV, p. 207.

 

[16]. : . . 1. ., 1989, . 172.

 

[17] , , , (387386 ..). .

 

[18]. J. Rose. Primitive Culture in Greece, p. 65 .

 

[19]J. E. Harrison. Prolegomena to the Study of Greek Religion, p. 651.

 

[20] , .

 

[21]. J. Beloch. Griechische Geschichte. Bd. I, kap. I, s. 434.

 

[22] , .

 

[23]. Rostovtsev. History of the Ancient World. Vol. I, p. 204.

 

[24]. (J. Burnet. Early Greek Philosophy, p. 51) .

 

[25] . . .

 

[26] , .

 

[27] , , , , .

 

[28] ; , . . .

 

[29]. ?

 

[30]. : J. Burnet. Early Greek Philosophy, . : , . 138149.

 

[31] , . 141.

 

[32] , . 143.

 

[33]J. Burnet. Early Greek Philosophy, p. 108.

 

[34] . .: . Heath. Greek Mathematics. , , .

 

[35] .

 

[36] , . 141.

 

[37] , . 173.

 

[38] , . 170171.

 

[39] , . 173.

 

[40] (op. cit., p. 184) , , . ‑ .

 

[41] .: , .

 

[42] , . 290291. : , , : , ‑ .

 

[43] , . 390.

 

[44] , . 359.

 

[45]. . ., 1970, . 2, 359.

 

[46] , . 408409.

 

[47] , . 408.

 

[48] , . 404.

 

[49] , . 406.

 

[50] , . 411.

 

[51] , ; , , .

 

[52] , . 412.

 

[53]. . . 2, . 210.

 

[54] (Cyril Bailey. The Greek Atomists and Epicurus) , 430 .. .

 

[55]J. Burnet. From Phales to Plato, p. 193.

 

[56]Th. Heath. Greek Mathematics. Vol. 1, p. 176.

 

[57]. // . ., 1981, . 3, . 410. 326.

 

[58] , , , (op. cit., p. 83).

 

[59].: . Bailey. Op. cit., p. 121 ( ).

 

[60] . G. Milhaud. Les Philosophes Georaetres de la Grece. Ch. IV.

 

[61]. , . 408, 325.

 

[62], . (op. cit., p. 75) , . , , ‑ [], . : , , , , , , .

 

[63] , , . . Bailey. Op. cit., p. 138 .

 

[64] , , .

 

[65] 404 .. .

 

[66].: J. . Bury. History of Greece. Vol. 1, p. 444.

 

[67]. // . . 2, . 399, 286c‑d.

 

[68]. : . , . ., 1979, . 375.

 

[69]. Zeller. Grundriss der Geschichte der griechischer Philosophie. 1883, s. 1299.

 

[70]J. Burnet. Greek Philosophy, from Phales to Plato London, 1914, p. 149.

 

[71] . . Academia. M., 1935, . 33.

 

[72] . , . 9394.

 

[73]. // . ., 1968, . 1, . 85.

 

[74]J. Burnet. Greek Philosophy, from Phales to Plato, p. 180.

 

[75]. , . 83.

 

[76] , . 84.

 

[77] .

 

[78]. , . 83.

 

[79] , . 84.

 

[80]. , . 88

 

[81] , . 88.

 

[82] , . 89.

 

[83] , . 90.

 

[84] , . 91.

 

[85] , . 91.

 

[86] , . 94.

 

[87] , . 97.

 

[88] , . 9899.

 

[89]. , . 99.

 

[90] , . 100.

 

[91] , . 100101.

 

[92]. , . 109110.

 

[93] , . 110.

 

[94] , . 111.

 

[95]. , . 112.

 

[96]. // . . 2, . 153.

 

[97] , . 100.

 

[98] .

 

[99] . , . 222.

 

[100]. , . 152153.

 

[101] ‑ .

 

[102]J. . Bury. History of Greece. Vol. I, p. 138. ‑, ‑ , .

 

[103]. , ., 1987, . 1. c. 106.

 

[104] , , , , , .

 

[105]J. . Bury. Op. cit., p. 141.

 

[106]. // . ., 1983, . 4, . 428430.

 

[107] , . 429430.

 

[108]. , . 95.

 

[109] .

 

[110] , . 99.

 

[111]. , . 100.

 

[112] .

 

[113] , . 105.

 

[114] , . 106.

 

[115]. , . 108109.

 

[116] , . 116.

 

[117]. , . 116.

 

[118] , . 117.

 

[119] , . 121.

 

[120]. // . ., 1971, . 3, . I, . 180.

 

[121] , .

 

[122].: . Lea. A History of Sacerdotal Celibacy.

 

[123] court of justice. . .

 

[124]. , . 275.

 

[125]. , . 284.

 

[126]. , . 288.

 

[127]. , . 307.

 

[128]. , . 316.

 

[129]. , . 321.

 

[130] , . 317.

 

[131]. . . 2, . 408.

 

[132] , . 409.

 

[133] . , , ( ) . .

 

[134]. // . ., 1966, . , . 130.

 

[135] .

 

[136]. // . ., 1970, . 2, . 19.

 

[137] .

 

[138] , . 20.

 

[139]. , . 22.

 

[140] .

 

[141]. , . 2529.

 

[142]. , . 44.

 

[143] , . 48.

 

[144] , . 49.

 

[145]. , . 73.

 

[146] . , Plato's Cosmology. ( : . . ., 1971, . 3, . 1. . .)

 

[147] , , , , : .

 

[148] (. Plato's Cosmology) , . , , , : .

 

[149].: Th. Heath. Greek Mathematics. Vol. 1, p. 159, 162, 294296.

 

[150] .: F. . Cornford. Plato's Cosmology, p. 219.

 

[151]Th. Heath. Greek Mathematics. Vol. 1, p. 161.

 

[152] : . . ., 1970, . 2. . .

 

[153]‑, . .

 

[154] , , , , , . , , . , . , , , . . , , , .

 

[155] . .

 

[156]A. W. Benn. The Greek Philosophers. Vol. 1, p. 285.

 

[157]. // . ., 1983, . 4, . 262263.

 

[158]. // . ., 1978, . 2, . 97.

 

[159]. Zeller. Aristotle. Vol. I, p. 204.

 

[160]. // . ., 1975, . 1, . 310.

 

[161] (. ., 1975, . 1) , . , . . .

 

[162]. // . ., 1975, . 1.

 

[163]. // . ., 1983, . 4.

 

[164]. , . 236237.

 

[165] ( . . .) , . , , , .

 

[166], (1105), , .

 

[167]. // . ., 1983, . 4, . 460, 462.

 

[168]. : , ? ? ? ( ).

 

[169] 1941 .

 

[170]Th. Heath. Greek Mathematics. Vol. I, p. 145.

 

[171]. // . ., 1981, . 3.

 

[172] Aristarchus of Samos, the Ancient Copernicus by Sir Thomas Heath, Oxford, 1913. .

 

[173]Th. Heath. Greek Mathematics. Vol. II, p. 253.

 

[174] . II ..

 

[175] .

 

[176], , , , .

 

[177]. : . Bevan. House of Seleucus. Vol. 1, p. 298n.

 

[178], .

 

[179]Annals. . VI, ch. 42.

 

[180].: Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. VII, p. 194195.

 

[181]W. W. Tarn. The Social Question in the Third Century // The Hellenistic Age. Cambridge, 1923. , ‑ .

 

[182]W. W. Tarn. The Social Question in the Third Century.

 

[183]Bevan. House of Seleucus. Vol. II, p. 4546.

 

[184]Five Stages of Greek Religion, p. 177178.

 

[185] , . 176.

 

[186]. F. Angus. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. VII, p. 231. .

 

[187]Benn. Vol. II, . 4, 5; Murray. Five Stages, p. 113114.

 

[188]Murray. Five Stages, p. 117.

 

[189] , . 117.

 

[190]The Hellenistic Age. Cambridge, 1923, p. 88.

 

[191] , . 86.

 

[192]. : Edwyn Bevan. Stoics and Sceptics, p. 126.

 

[193]Cyril Bailey. The Greek Atomists and Epicurus. Oxford, 1928, p. 221. , .

 

[194] . , , , : , : , , , [. II, . XX. ‑ (Discourses of Epictetus)].

 

[195]Gilbert Murray. Five Stages, p. 130.

 

[196], , (The Stoic and Epicurean Philosophers, by W. J. Oates, p. 47).

 

[197][ ] , , , (Bailey. Op. cit., p. 249).

 

[198] . Bailey. Op. cit., p. 517520.

 

[199] .

 

[200] , (. I, . 85100).

 

[201]Gilbert Murray. The Stoic Philosophy. 1915, p. 25.

 

[202] , , Bevan. Later Greek Religion, p. 1 .

 

[203].: Barth. Die Stoa. Stuttgart, 1922.

 

[204]Barth. Die Stoa.

 

[205]Bevan. Stoics and Sceptics, p.

 

[206] , 70 000 , . (Tarn. Hellenistic Civilization, p. 249).

 

[207] . III Edwyn Bevan. Stoics and Sceptics.

 

[208]Rostovtsev. The Social and Economic History of the Roman Empire, p. 179.

 

[209]. : Oates. Op. cit., p. 225226.

 

[210]. : (Dates. Op. cit., p. 251.

 

[211] , . 280.

 

[212]History of the Ancient World. Vol. II, p. 225.

 

[213] . . .

 

[214].: Rostovtsev. History of the Ancient World. Vol. II, p. 332.

 

[215] . . .

 

[216].: Cumont. Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism.

 

[217]Benn. The Greek Philosophers. Vol. II, p. 226.

 

[218]Gibbon. Ch. VI.

 

[219]History of the Ancient World. Vol. II, p. 343.

 

[220]Alembic. . .

 

[221].: Alchemy, Child of Greek Philosophy, by Arthur John Hopkins. Columbia, 1934.

 

[222] . : , ; , , , . , , , (. X).

 

[223], , , , , , . .

 

[224]Fifth Ennead, Fifth Tractate, ch. 12.

 

[225] , , , , :

,

.

 

[226]. 7, 17‑18.

 

[227] . 7; 31

 

[228] . 44; 11 .

 

[229]. 8; 11 .

 

[230]. 910; 5; . . .

 

[231] 20; 24.

 

[232] , 19; 2.

 

[233] 2; 4.

 

[234] , 7; 14.

 

[235] , 9; 2, 6.

 

[236] 60; 3.

 

[237] .

 

[238]E. Bevan. Ierusalem under the High Priests, p. 12

 

[239] , , , , ‑, . .: Oesterley and Robinson. History of Israel. Vol. II, p. 323 . .

 

[240] . .: Letter of Aristeas, 15, 16.

 

[241]. 1; 60‑63.

 

[242] ; , , . . .

 

[243]The Apocrypha and Pseudepigrapha of the Old Testament in English, ed. by R. H. Charles. Vol. II, p. 659.

 

[244] .: R. H. Charles. Op. cit.; .

 

[245]R H. Charles. Op. cit., p. 291292.

 

[246]I . 6; 20, 21.

 

[247] 15; 34.

 

[248], , . (. 2; 8).

 

[249]. 19; 12.

 

[250]Origen. Contra Celsum, lib. I, ch. II.

 

[251] , ch. XXVI.

 

[252] , lib. VIII, ch. LXXV.

 

[253] , 362 .

 

[254]. . . ., 1883, . II, . 3.

 

[255].: Oesterley and Robinson. Hebrew Religion.

 

[256].: . F. Angus. The Mystery Religions and Christianity.

 

[257] , ‑, .

 

[258] XVII.

 

[259] XX.

 

[260] . . .

 

[261] , . , , .

 

[262]Select Library of Nicene and Post‑Nicene Fathers. Vol. VI, p. 17.

 

[263] . , 1875, . 3, . 212.

 

[264] . , 1893, . 1, . 119.

 

[265]. . 2; 5.

 

[266] , 4; 12.

 

[267] XI ( , ).

 

[268] 56.

 

[269] 104.

 

[270] , . , 1901, . 2, . 1, . 36.

 

[271] , , .

 

[272] , , . 1, . 31.

 

[273] , . 4445.

 

[274] , . 69.

 

[275] , . 155156.

 

[276] , , . I, . 218.

 

[277] , . 70.

 

[278] , . 94.

 

[279] , . 98101.

 

[280] , , . 1, . 106107.

 

[281] , , . I, . 108.

 

[282] , . 116.

 

[283] , , . 1, . 123.

 

[284] , . 1, . VII, . IX.

 

[285] , , . 1, . 194.

 

[286] , , . 1, . 349.

 

[287] , . 363.

 

[288] , . 366.

 

[289] , , . 3, . 56.

 

[290] , . 60.

 

[291] , , . 3, . 81.

 

[292] , . .: Cumont Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism, p. 166.

 

[293] , . , 1905, . 2, . 4, . 11.

 

[294] , , . 4, . 258.

 

[295] , 1907, . 2, . 5, . 38.

 

[296] . (. 14, . XVI‑XXVI) . . .

 

[297]. 2; II, 12.

 

[298] , 40 30 (. 12; 14).

 

[299] . . .

 

[300]. . . ., 1885, . XLVII.

 

[301]. . , . 230.

 

[302] , . 239

 

[303] .

 

[304]. . . ., 1884, . IV, . 131, .

 

[305] maledicte, non benedicte!, Benedictus () benedictus (). . .

 

[306]Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. , ch. VIII.

 

[307] ; , . . .

 

[308] .

 

[309] (The First Europe).

 

[310] Cambridge Medieval History, vol. II, p. 663.

 

[311]Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. III, p. 455.

 

[312] .

 

[313]Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. III, p. 501.

 

[314] Cambridge Medieval History, vol. III, ch. XIX, .

 

[315]Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. III, pp. 507508.

 

[316]En masse (.) , . . .

 

[317]Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. III, p. 524.

 

[318]. . , , , .

 

[319]. .

 

[320] . .

 

[321]Magnus opus (.) . . .

 

[322]Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. V, ch. 10.

 

[323]I . 3; 2.

 

[324]. Henry . Lea. The History of Sacerdotal Celibacy.

 

[325] 1046 , . , .

 

[326]I . 7; 9.

 

[327]Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. V, p. 662.

 

[328] .

 

[329]Cambridge Medieval History. Vol. IV, p. 286.

 

[330].: . ., 1956, . 7072. . .

 

[331] . . .

 

[332], .

 

[333], , .

 

[334] , , . IV ‑ III IV. IV ( ), , , , .

 

[335]. , (Encyclopaedia Britannica).

 

[336] , , , .

 

[337] . . .

 

[338]. II, .

 

[339] , .

 

[340] 47 55 .

 

[341]Summa contra Gentiles. . I, ch. LIII.

 

[342] : , : , .

 

[343]

[344] (805885).

 

[345].: Guillelmi de Ockham. Opera Politica. Manchester University Press, 1940.

 

[346], , , '.

 

[347] , .

 

[348], , . , : ?

 

[349].: Cumont. Oriental Religions in Roman Paganism.

 

[350]. : Burckhardt. Renaissance in Italy, part IV, ch. ii.

 

[351] .

 

[352]Burckhardt. Op. cit, part VII, ch. i.

 

[353] 1870 .

 

[354] gentlemen, , . . .

 

[355] . .

 

[356] , , (Huizinga).

 

[357] . . .

 

[358] . . .

 

[359] . . Scientific Instruments in A History of Science, Technology and Philosophy in the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries, by A. Wolf.

 

[360]Nature & Newton's Law lay hid in hightsaid Let Newton be, and all was light.

 

[361]‑ , , .

 

[362] , (poele), . , , , .

 

[363] , , (cogito ergo sum) , , , .

 

[364]. . . ., 1985, . 2, . 139140.

 

[365]. . ., ., 1985, . 1, . 154.

 

[366]. . . ., 1985, . 2, . 3.

 

[367] .

 

[368] , . 4, . III.

 

[369]. . . ., 1985, . 2, . 4, . III, . 2.

 

[370] . II, . XX.

 

[371]. . . ., 1985, . 2, . 27.

 

[372]

[373]. .

 

[374] , , .

 

[375], , : , , .

 

[376]: . ; , , .

 

[377]. . // . , 1965, . 1, . 203204.

 

[378]. . . ., . 292293.

 

[379] , . 297.

 

[380]. . . ., . 330.

 

[381] , , . ; .

 

[382] . , , .

 

[383] , , .

 

[384] ; , , , ; , , .

 

[385] . : , (, . 163).

 

[386] : Der Begriff der Idee, dem die Idee als solche der Gegenstand, dem das Objekt sie ist. Gegenstand Objekt .

 

[387] , , , . . , .

 

[388]Maurois. Life of Byron.

 

[389] , (.).

 

[390] , ‑ .

 

[391] .

 

[392] , (18141914).

 

[393] .

 

[394] 1943 .

 





:


: 2015-11-05; !; : 311 |


:

:

! . .
==> ...

1816 - | 1621 -


© 2015-2024 lektsii.org - -

: 0.78 .