- ( )
( , )
, .
- -
:
*
* pH, .. 1
-
-
- 8.2 10.0 -
- 6.4 8.0 - -
- 5.0 8.0 - -
- 4.2 6.2 - -
- 3.1 4.4 - -
, , .
pH ( ) ( ).
- .
( , - - , . )
- . - . . -
- .
( , ) : , , , , .
- (-) ().
- , - :
: E , E0 , n , , {a{Ox}} \ {a{Red}} , .
- pH-.
H+ OH-
:
:
* Xn +2H =>Xn-1 +H2O
* Xn +H2O => Xn+1 + 2H
:
* Xn + 2OH => Xn+1 + H2O
* Xn +H2O => Xn-1 + 2OH
:
* Xn + H2O => Xn-1 + 2OH
* Xn + H2O => Xn-1 + 2H