.


:




:

































 

 

 

 





.

, .

, , : )

G = ∆ H - TS (, = const); (17)

)

F = ∆ U - TS (V, T = const). (18)

/.

, (. .10). , G = - .

 

, , , .., .

, 1) , ; 2) , .

(), , .

(D G < 0 D F < 0).

, , , .4.

 

Δ G, /

G > 0

. ∆ G = 0

G < 0

 

. 4. ,

:

 

 

- ( = const, T = const): Δ G = 0,

- (V = const, T = const): Δ F = 0.

, ( ), :

G = ∆ H - TS;

Δ F = ∆ U - TS.

: 1) , , ( ); 2) , .

, , .

(.. 2 3) , .. , .

. () , ( > 10000 ) - , , , , .

, , :

÷ ∆ H ÷ > ÷ TS ÷ ,

÷ ∆ H ÷ < ÷ TS ÷ - .

 

 

, ( = ) ( ¹ ) , Δ F, , ∆ G.

+ = + , , Δ G Δ H 0 298 D S 0 298, .19. ≠ 298 , . 20.

 

G 0 298 = Δ H 0 298 - 298∙D S 0 298, (19)

G 0 ≈ Δ H0 298 - T D S 0 298 . (20)

 

Δ G 298. Δ G 298 Δ 298:

 

G 0298 = [∆ G 0298() + ∆ G 0298()] [∆ G 0298() + ∆ G 0298 ()]. (21)

 

, , , , .

, , . ∆ G = 0.

G = Δ H - T D S = 0 (22)

= Δ H / D S . (23)

 

1.

t = 100. .

Si() + SiO2() = 2SiO()

.

D G 298 .

Si SiO2 SiO

H 0298, / 0 -912 -438

S 0298, /∙ 19 42 27

 

0298 = [2∙(-438) [-912+0] = 36 ;

S 0298 = [2∙(27) [42+19] = -7 /;

G = ∆ H 0298 - TS 0298 =36 - 373×(-7)×10-3 = 38,6 .

 

, ∆ G , 373 . , SiO2 .

, SiO2 SiO , , , .. , ∆ G = 0.

= ∆ H 298 /∆ S 298 = 36/(-7.10-3)= -5143 .

, , .

 

2.

1 :

Fe3O4() + 4H2() = 3Fe() + 4H2O()

 

298 , / -1118 0 0 -241,8

 

.

:

298 = 4∆ 298 (2) ∆ 298 (Fe3O4) = 4(-241,8) - (-1118) = 150,8

3 , .. 3 ∙ 56 / = 168 .

1 :

168 Fe - 150,8 ;

1000 Fe - ;

= 897 .

3

, :

2BaO() + O2() = 2BaO2()

.

:

298 = 2∆ 298 (2) - (2∆ 298 () + ∆ 298 (2))

298 = -634,7∙2 - (-553,9∙2 + 0) = -161,6

S 298 = 2 S 298 (2) (2 S 298 () + S 298 (2))

S = 77,5∙2 (70,5∙2 + 206) = -191 / = - 0,191 /

G = -161,6 + 0,191× .

G 298 = -161,6 + 0,191×298 = -104,68 . ∆ G 298 < 0 .

G = 0.

G = -161,6 + 0,191 = 0

= - 161,6 - 0,191 = 846,07

846,07 , BaO2 .

 

4

250 25 , 44,08 /.

.

S = D / .

250 250 /18 / = 13,88 . : 13,88 ∙ 44,08 / = 611,83 .

250 = 25 +273 = 298

S = 611,83 / 298 = 2,05 .

 





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