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[1] .: Phelan J. Scandals, Scamps and Scoundrels. N. Y.: Random House, 1982; Hankiss A. Games Con Men Play Journal of Communication. 1980. Vol. 3. P. 104 112.

[2] , , .

[3] Time. 1986. 18 July. P. 68.

[4] . .: Bok S. Lying: Moral Choice in Public and Private Life. N. Y.: Pantheon, 1978. Ch. 3.

[5] Lindskold S., Walters P. S. Categories for Acceptability of Lies The Journal of Social Psychology. 1983. Vol. 120. P. 129 136.

[6] : Houser . . Student Cheating and Attitude: A Function of Classroom Control Technique Contemporary Educational Psychology. 1982. Vol. 7. P. 113 123.

[7] : Deutsch . . Students Cheating Even More New York Times. Reprinted in: San Francisco Chronicle. 1988. 15 April. P. B3.

[8] Marx G. T. When a Child Informs on Parents New York Times. 1986. 29 August. P. 27.

[9] San Francisco Chronicle. 1986. 12 September. P. 1a.

[10] New York Times. 1986. 22 August. P. 8.

[11] , , , . .: Harari N., McDavid J. W. Situational Influence on Moral Justice: A Study of "Finking" // Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1969. Vol. 11. 3. P. 240 244.

 

[12] . .: Hartshorne ., May . A. Studies in the Nature of Character. N. Y.: Macmillan. 1928. Vol. 1: Studies in Deceit.

[13] IQ ( . Intelligence Quotient) ; . IQ 100%; . , IQ , (. )

 

[14] .: Education, Health and Behavior, Ed. Rutter M., Tizard J., Whitmore K. N. Y.: Wiley. 1970; Shepherd M. K., Oppenheim ., Mitchell S. Childhood Behavior and Mental Health. N. Y.: Grune Stratton, 1971. : McFarlane J. W., Allen L. and Honzik M. P. A Developmental Study of the Behavior Problems of Normal Children Between Twenty one Months and Fourteen Years. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1962.

[15] : Burton R. V. Honesty and Dishonesty Moral Development and Behavior, Ed. Lickona T. N. Y.: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1976.

[16] : Johnson Ch. D., Gormlyj. Academic Cheating Developmental Psychology. 1972. Vol. 6. P. 320 325.

[17] : Stouthamer-Loeber . Lying as a Problem Behavior in Children: A Review Clinical Psychology Review. 1986. Vol. 6. P. 267 289.

[18] Achenbach . M., Edelbrock C. S. Behavioral Problems and Competencies Reported by Parents of Normal and Disturbed Children Aged Four Through Sixteen Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development. 1981. Vol. 46. 188; Achenbach . M., Edelbrock C. S. The Child Behavior Profile: II Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. 1978. Vol. 47. P. 223 233.

[19] , , , , . , . , , , , .

 

[20] Stouthamer-Loeber M. Lying as a Problem Behavior in children.

[21] , . . . .

 

[22] Christie R., Geis F. L. Studies in Machiavellianism. N. Y.: Academic Press. 1970. P. 1.

[23] Korda M. Power! N. Y.: Random House. 1975. P. 4.

[24] Ibid. P. 327.

[25] Braginsky D. D. Machiavellianism and Manipulative Interpersonal Behavior in Children Journal of Experimental Social Psychology. 1970. Vol. 6. P. 77 99. -, , .

[26] Nachamie S. Machiavellianism in Children: The Childrens Mach Scale and the Bluffing Game: Ph. D. dissertation, Columbia University. 1969. : Christie ., Geis F. L. Studies in Machiavellianism. P. 326.

[27] Christie R., Geis F. L. Studies in Machiavellianism. P. 332.

[28] - - . .: Braginsky D. D. Parent-Child Correlates of Machiavellianism and Manipulative Behavior Psychological Report. 1970. Vol. 27. P. 927 932. . .: Kraut R. ., Price J. D. Machiavellianism in Parents and Their Children Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1976. Vol. 33. P. 782 786.

 

[29] Kraut R. E., Price J. D. Machiavellianism; Lewis M. How Parental Attitudes Affect the Problems of Lying in Children Smith College Studies in Social Work. 1931. Vol. 1. P. 403-104.

[30] Time. 1986. 18 July. P. 68.

[31] Stouthamer-Loeber M., Loeber R. Boys Who Lie Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology. 1986. Vol. 14. P. 551 564.

 

[32] Dornbush S. et al. Single Parents, Extended Households and the Control of Adolescents Child Development. 1985. Vol. 56. P. 326 341; Steinberg L. Single Parents, Stepparents, and the Susceptibility of Adolescents to Antisocial Peer Pressure Child Development. 1987. Vol. 58. P. 269 275.

 

[33] Hartshorne H., May M. A. Studies in Deceit. Bk 1: General Methods and Results. P. 274.

 

[34] Sherill D. et all. Seating Aggregation as an Index of Contagion Educational Psychological Measurements. 1970. Vol. 30. P. 663 668.

 

[35] Bronfenbrenner U. Response to Pressure from Peers Versus Adults Among Soviet and American School Children International Journal of Psychology. 1967. Vol. 2. P. 199 207. (Quote from p. 201.) . . .: .: . : . ., 1976.

 

[36] .: Berndt . J. Developmental Changes in Conformity to Peers and Parents Developmental Psychology. 1979. Vol. 15. P. 608 616.

[37] : Conformity to Peer-Sponsored Misconduct at Four Grade Levels Developmental Psychology. 1976. Vol. 12. P. 226 236. (Quote from p. 235.)

[38] Berndt T. J. Developmental Changes in Conformity to Peers and Parents Developmental Psychology. 1979. Vol. 15. P. 608 616. (Quote from p. 615.)

 

[39] Ibid. P. 616.

[40] Bonjean Ch. M., McGee R. Scholastic Dishonesty Among Undergraduates in Differing Systems of Social Control Sociology of Education. 1965. Vol. 38. P. 127 137.

[41] , , 37 1 , 90% . 10% , . : Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 1981. Vol. 22. P. 19 33.

 

[42] , , . 14 , , , . . 7 , , ; 4 . , , .

 

[43] Hartshorne H., May M. A. Studies in Deceit. P. 377.

[44] Ceci St. Personal communication. March, 11. 1986.

[45] Lewis M., Stanger C, Sullivan M. Deception in Three Year Olds. . : Institute for the Study of Child Development, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey.

[46] Stouthamer-Loeber M., Postell L, Loeber R. Lying and Misrepresentation of Reality in Four-Year-Olds (draft ms.).

[47] , , : Piaget J. The Moral Judgement of the Child. Glencoe, III.: The Free Press. 1965. (Originally published 1932.)

 

[48] Wimmer H., Gruber S., Perner J. Young Childrens Conception of Lying: Lexical Realism Moral Subjectivism Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 1984. Vol. 37. P. 1 30.

[49] , , , , , . , , , .

[50] Stern C, Stern W. Monographien uber die seelische Entwicklung des Kindes. s. Brand: Erinnerung. Aussage und Luge in der ersten Kindheit. Leipzig: Barth. 1931. 4th ed. (Originally published 1909.) no: Wimmer H., Gruber S., Perner J. Young Childrens Conception of Lying. P. 28.

[51] Leonard E. A. A Parents Study of Childrens Lies The Pedagogical Seminary. 1920. June. Vol. 27. 2. P. 130.

[52] Reterson . C, Peterson J. L, Seeto D. Developmental Changes in Ideas About Lying Child Development. 1983. Vol. 54. P. 1529 1535.

 

[53] . .: Vasek . . Lying: The Development of Childrens Understanding of Deception. Masters thesis. Clark University. Worcester. Mass., 1984.

[54] Ibid.

[55] Ibid.

[56] Harrington W. Revenge of the Dupes The Washington Post Magazine. 1987. 27 December. P. 17 21.

 

[57] Stouthamer-Loeber M. Lying as a Problem Behavior in Children: A Review Clinical Psychology Review. 1986. Vol. 6. P. 267 289.

 

[58] .: Stouthamer-Loeber . Lying as a Problem Behavior in Children: A. Review.

[59] .: Lickona . Raising Good Children. N. Y.: Bantam, 1983. P. 117.

[60] . : DePaulo ., Jordan A. Age Changes in Deceiving and Detecting Deceit Development of Nonverbal Behavior in Children Ed. Feldman R. S. N. Y.: Springer Verlag, 1982. P. 151 180.

[61] Ekman P. Telling Lies. N. Y.: W. W. Norton, 1985; Ekman P., OSullivan M. Hazards in Detecting Deceit Psychological Methods for Investigation and Evidence Ed. Raskin D. N. Y.: Springer, in press; Ekman P. Why Lies Fail and What Behaviors Betray a Lie Credibility Assessment A Unified Theoretical and Research Perspective Ed. Yuille J. C. Dordrecht, The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers, in press; Ekman P., Friesen W. V., OSullivan M. Smiles When Lying Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1988. Vol. 54. P. 414 420; Ekman P., Friesen W. V. Felt, False and Miserable Smiles Journal of Nonverbal Behavior. 1982. Vol. 6. P. 238 252; Ekman P. Friesen W. V. Detecting Deception from Body or Face Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1974. Vol. 29. P. 288 298; Ekman P., Friesen W. V. Nonverbal Leakage and Clues to Deception Psychiatry. 1969. Vol. 32. P. 88 105.

[62] Feldman R. S., Jenkins L, Popoola O. Detection of Deception in Adults and Children via Facial Expressions Child Development. 1979. Vol. 50. P. 350 355. (Quote from p. 351.)

[63] Morency N. L, Krauss R. M. Childrens Nonverbal Encoding and Decoding of Affect. In: Feldman R. S. Development of Non-verbal Behavior in Children. P. 181 200.

[64] Shennum W. A., Bugental D. B. The Development of Control over Affective Expression Ibid. P. 101 121.

[65] : Vasek . . Lying: The Development of Childrens Understanding of Deception. Masters thesis. Clark University. Worcester. Mass., 1984.

[66] . : Sacks . Everyone Has to Lie Sociocultural Dimensions of Language UseEd. Sanches M., Blount B. G. N. Y.: Academic Press, 1975. P. 57 79.

[67] de Villiers J. G., de Villiers P. A. Language Acquisition. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1977; Shatz M., Gelman R. The Development of Communication Skills: Modification in the Speech of Young Children as a Function of the Listener Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development. 1973. Vol. 38. P. 1 38. . : Vasek M. E.

 

[68] 24 Ekman P., Roper G., Hager J. C. Deliberate Facial Movement Child Development. 1980. Vol. 51. P. 886 891.

 

[69] , , . : : , - , . , .

[70] Hoyt M. F. Secrets in Psychotherapy: Theoretical and Practical Considerations International Review of Psychoanalysis. 1978. Vol. 5. Part. 2. P. 223 241.

 

[71] Ibid.

[72] Turiel E. The Development of Social Concepts Moral Development Ed. DePalma D., Foley J. Hillsdale, N. Y.: Lawrence Erlbaum, 1975. Cited by Damon.

 

[73] : Coles R. The Moral Life of Children. N. Y.: Atlantic Monthly Press, 1986. : Freud A. The Ego and the Mechanisms of Defense. N. Y.: International University Press, 1936.

[74] .: Kohlberg L. Moral Stages and Moralization: The Cognitive-Developmental Approach Moral Development and Behavior Ed. Lickona T. P. 31 53.

[75] , ; , . .

 

[76] Turiel . The Development of Social Concepts. P. 155.

[77] . : Rest J. R. Morality The Hand-book of Child Psychology Ed. Mussen P. H. N. Y.: Wiley, 4th ed. Vol. 3, 1983. P. 556 629. , . : Damon W. The Social World of the Child. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1977.

 

[78] Blasi A. Bridging Moral Cognition and Oral Action: A Critical Review of the Literature Psychological Bulletin. 1980. Vol. 88. P. 1 45.

 

[79] Malinowski . I., Smith Ch. P. Moral Reasoning and Moral Conduct: An Investigation Prompted by Kohlbergs Theory Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1985. Vol. 49. P. 1016 1027

[80] Lickona. Raising Good Children. P. 168.

 

[81] Kraut R., Price J. D. Machiavellianism; Lewis M. Parental Attitudes.

[82] Bettelheim B. The Uses of Enchantment. N. Y.: Alfred A. Knopf, 1976. P. 9.

 

[83] Hartshorne H., May M. A. Studies in Deceit.

[84] .: Education, Health and Behavior Eds Rutter M., Lizard J., Whitmore K. N. Y., Shepherd M. K., Oppenheim ., Mitchell S. Childhood Behavior and Mental Health.

[85] New York Times. 1987. 24 January.

[86] Ibid.

[87] , . , . . , , , , . . .

 

[88] 3.

[89] Stewart J. The Story Behind Pig Boy San Francisco Chronicle. 1988. 24 July.

 

[90] Hoffman M., Saltzstein H. Parent Discipline and the Childs Moral Development Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 1967. Vol. 5. P. 45.

[91] no: New York Times. 1985. 18 June. P. 23.

[92] Ibid.

[93] Ibid.

[94] Demos J. Past, Present and Personal. N. Y.: Oxford University Press. 1986. P. 46.

[95] Wesley J. Sermon on the Education of Children Child Rearing Concepts, 1628 1861Ed. Greven P. Itasca, III.: F. E. Peacock Publishers, Inc., 1973. P. 60.

[96] Ibid. P. 61.

[97] Ibid. P. 126.

[98] Weitzman L. The Divorce Revolution. N. Y.: Free Press, 1985. P. 17.

[99] Wallerstein J. S., Kelly J. B. Surviving the Breakup. N. Y.: Basic Books. 1980. P. 33, 34.

[100] Ibid. P. 60.

[101] Ibid. P. 89.

[102] . . . : The Equality Trap. N. Y.: Simon and Schuster, 1988.

[103] Dornbush S. et. ell. Single Parents, Extended Households and the Control of Adolescents Child Development. 1985. Vol. 56. P. 326 341.

[104] Ibid. P. 333.

[105] Mason. The Equality Trap. P. 18.

[106] .: ibid. P. 125.

[107] White . K. The First Three Years of Life, rev. ed. N. Y.: Prentice-Hall, 1985. P. 272.

[108] Goodman G. S. Child Witness: An Introduction Journal of Social Issues. 1984. Vol. 40. P. 28.

 

[109] -. , .

[110] Girdner . Out of the Mouths of Babes California Lawyer. 1985. June. Vol. 5. P. 59.

[111] Crewdson J. By Silence Betrayed. Boston: Little, Brown, 1988. P. 127.

[112] , . . . .: . . : , . 1985. 4; . , . 1986. 1 . . .

 

[113] Bettelheim B. A Good Enough Parent. N. Y.: Knopf., 1987. P. 375.

 

[114] Freud S. Two Case Histories. . no: Lindsay S., Johnson M. Reality Monitoring and Suggestibility: Childrens Ability to Discriminate Among Memories from Different Sources Childrens Eyewitness Memory Ed. Cesi S. J., Toglia M. P., Ross D. F. N. Y.: Springer-Verlag, 1987. P. 95.

 

[115] Piaget J. Judgement and Reasoning in the Child Ibid. P. 98.

[116] Lindsay S., Johnson M. Reality Monitoring and Suggestibility. P. 101.

 

[117] New York Times. 1987. 14 November. P. 9.

[118] Ibid.

[119] Mason. The Equality Trap. P. 73. .

[120] .: ibid. . 174.

[121] New York Times. 1986. 22 October. P. 5.

[122] New York Times. 1988. 31 March. P. B13.

 

[123] Melvin G., Goldzband M. D. Would Mommie Lie? An Inquiry into the Concept of Truth in Child Custody Litigation. Unpublished manuscript, 1983.

[124] Green A. H. True and False Allegations of Sexual Abuse in Child Custody Disputes Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry. 1986. Vol. 25. P. 454.

[125] In re Sara. 239 Cal. Rptr. 605.

[126] In the Matter of Cheryl H. 153 Cal. App. 3d 1098. 200 Cal. Rptr. 789.

 

[127] Faust D., Ziskin J. The Expert Witness in Psychology and Psychiatry Science. 1988. 1 July. Vol. 241. P. 312.

[128] Incidence of Child Abuse in California. California Department of Justice Child Abuse Central Registry. Bureau of Criminal Statistics and Special Services, 1985. P. 1 3.

[129] Besharov D. J. Contending with Overblown Expectations Public Welfare. 1987. Winter. Vol. 45. P. 7 11.

[130] Ibid. P. 10.

[131] .: Childrens Eyewitness Memory Ed. Cesi S. J., Toglia M. P., Ross D. F. . : The Child as Witness Journal of Social Sciences. 1984. Vol. 40. 2.

[132] Zagora M. Memory, Suggestibility, and Eyewitness Testimony in Children and Adults Childrens Eyewitness Memory Ed. Ceci S. J., Toglia M. P., Ross D. F. P. 65.

[133] Cole C, Loftus E. The Memory of Children Ibid. P. 195, 199.

 

[134] Ceci S. J., Ross D. F., Toglia M. P. Age Differences in Suggestibility Ibid. P. 82. (6).

[135] Boat ., Everson M. Paper presented at the Society for Research in Child Development Biennial Meeting. 1987.

[136] King M., Yuille J. Suggestibility and the Child Witness Childrens Eyewitness Memory Ed. Ceci S. J., Toglia M. P., Ross D. F. P. 25.

 

[137] Whitcomb D., Shapiro E., Stellwagen L. When the Victim Is a Child: Issues for Judges and Prosecutors. U. S. Department of Justice. National Institute of Justice, 1981. P. 69 73.

[138] Coy v. Iowa. 108 S. Ct. 2798.

[139] Ibid.

[140] New York Times. 1988. 20 July.

[141] Melton G. B. Procedural Reforms to Protect Victim Witnesses in Sex Offense Proceedings Victimology: An International. Journal. 1980. Vol. 5.

 





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